{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:05:52Z","timestamp":1788390352035,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of National Education \u2013 UEFISCDI","award":["PN-II-PT-PCCA-2013-4-1572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-II-PT-PCCA-2013-4-1572"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is an essential mineral nutrient for all living organisms, involved in a plurality of biological processes. Its deficit is the cause of the most common form of anemia in the world: iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This paper reviews iron content in various parts of 1228 plant species and its absorption from herbal products, based on data collected from the literature in a semi-systematic manner. Five hundred genera randomly selected from the Angiosperms group, 215 genera from the Pteridophytes groups and all 95 Gymnosperm genera as listed in the Plant List version 1.1 were used as keywords together with the word \u201ciron\u201d in computerized searches. Iron data about additional genera returned by those searches were extracted and included in the analysis. In total, iron content values for a number of 1228 species, 5 subspecies, and 5 varieties were collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare iron contents in various plant parts (whole plant, roots, stems, shoots, leaves, aerial parts, flowers, fruits, seeds, wood, bark, other parts) and exploratory analyses by taxonomic groups and life-forms were carried out. The absorption and potential relevance of herbal iron for iron supplementation are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T02:57:29Z","timestamp":1450061849000},"page":"10320-10351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Survey of Plant Iron Content\u2014A Semi-Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ancuceanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"Hovane\u0163","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Anghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Parasitology, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University, Arad; S.C. Hofigal S.A, Bucharest 042124, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Negre\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.05.010","article-title":"Mammalian iron metabolism and its control by iron regulatory proteins","volume":"1823","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA\u2014Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rolfes, S.R., Pinna, K., and Whitney, E.N. (2009). Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition, Wadsworth\/Cengage Learning. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb, G.P. (2011). Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods, Blackwell Publishing. [Kindle ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118788660"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sizer, F., and Whitney, E. (2008). Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, Thomson Higher Education. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Duggan, C., Watkins, J.B., and Walker, W.A. (2007). Nutrition in Pediatrics. Basic Science. Clinical Applications, BC Dekker."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organisation and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) Focusing on Anaemia: Towards an Integrated Approach for Effective Anaemia Control. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/micronutrients\/WHOandUNICEF_statement_anaemia_en.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2009.01.005","article-title":"Investigation and management of anaemia","volume":"37","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nutritional anaemias. Report of a WHO Scientific Group","volume":"405","author":"Blanc","year":"1968","journal-title":"WHO Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-3046","article-title":"The definition of anemia: What is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration?","volume":"107","author":"Beutler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-03-008789","article-title":"The quest for the normal hemoglobin concentration","volume":"108","author":"Boehringer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"41","article-title":"Iron sufficiency of Canadians","volume":"23","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(08)70002-9","article-title":"The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and its clinical implications in patients with colorectal carcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.07.041","article-title":"Prevalence of maternal anaemia and its predictors: A multi-centre study","volume":"159","author":"Barroso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Stoltzfus, R.J., and Dreyfuss, M.L. (1998). Guidelines for the Use of Iron Supplements to Prevent and Treat Iron Deficiency Anemia, Ilsi Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"The Plant List. A Working List of All Plant Species. Available online: Http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Eddelbuettel, D.D. Random: True Random Numbers Using Random.Org. Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=random."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Plants for A Future: A Resource and Information Centre for Edible and Otherwise Useful Plants. Available online: http:\/\/www.pfaf.org."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 161, 105\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Champely, S. Pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis. Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pwr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.093","article-title":"Determination of trace elements in commonly consumed medicinal herbs by ICP-MS and multivariate analysis","volume":"134","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"127","article-title":"Screening of 33 Medicinal Plants for the Microelements Content","volume":"43","author":"Gergen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.106","article-title":"Evaluation of mineral content of Chinese medicinal herbs used to improve kidney function with chemometrics","volume":"127","author":"Kolasani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2010.02.036","article-title":"PIXE\u2013PIGE analysis of some Indian medicinal plants","volume":"268","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.04.016","article-title":"Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in Turkey","volume":"359","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing,. Available online: Http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rmetrics Core Team, Wuertz, D., Setz, T., and Chalabi, Y. fBasics: Rmetrics\u2014Markets and Basic Statistics, 2014. Available online: Http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=fBasics."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gastwirth, J.L., Gel, Y.R., Hui, W.L.W., Miao, W., and Noguchi, K. lawstat: Tools for Biostatistics, Public Policy, and Law. Available online: Http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=lawstat."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Peng, R.D. Simpleboot: Simple Bootstrap Routines. Available online: Https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/simpleboot\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Van der Loo, M.P.J. (2010). Distribution Based Outlier Detection for Univariate Data, Statistics Netherlands. Discussion paper 10003."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v064.i09","article-title":"nparcomp: An R Software Package for Nonparametric Multiple Comparisons and Simultaneous Confidence Intervals","volume":"64","author":"Konietschke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cribbie, R.A., Wilcox, R.R., Bewell, C., and Keselman, H.J. (2007). Tests for Treatment Group Equality When Data are Nonnormal and Heteroscedastic. J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods, 6, Available online: Http:\/\/digitalcommons.wayne.edu\/jmasm\/vol6\/iss1\/12.","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1177992660"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1214\/12-EJS691","article-title":"Rank-based multiple test procedures and simultaneous confidence intervals","volume":"6","author":"Konietschke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Torchiano, M. Effsize: Efficient Effect Size Computation. Available online: Http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=effsize."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Cohen, B.H. (2008). Explaining Psychological Statistics, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kinnear, P.R., Gray, C.D., and Kinnear, P.R. (2010). PASW Statistics 17 Made Simple, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"19","article-title":"The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size","volume":"1","author":"Tomczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Feinstein, A.R. (2002). Principles of Medical Statistics, Chapman & Hall\/CRC."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salkind, N.J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Research Design, SAGE Publications. volume 3.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412961288"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"20","article-title":"Segmented: An R Package to Fit Regression Models with Broken-Line Relationships","volume":"8","author":"Muggeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1545","article-title":"Estimating regression models with unknown break-points","volume":"22","author":"Muggeo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2009). Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer. Use R!.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, D. (2008). Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R, Springer. Use R!.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-75969-2"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"24","article-title":"Study of the Trace Metal Concentration in Some Local Vegetables Available in Shillong City, Meghlaya, India","volume":"2","author":"Marbaniang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3329\/dujs.v61i2.17070","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Some Leafy Vegetables of Bangladesh","volume":"61","author":"Karmakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dhaka Univ. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"481","article-title":"Iron Content and Ferritin Gene Expression in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Tech. Mex."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230701316416","article-title":"Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)","volume":"42","author":"Pillay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"273","article-title":"Screening of Pteridophytes for Inorganic Constituents in Some Species from Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra (India)","volume":"3","author":"Masal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bionano Front."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"294","article-title":"Metal bioaccumulation in plant leaves from an industrious area and the botanical garden in Beijing","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"465","article-title":"Heavy metal concentrations in plants growing in crude oil contaminated soil in Akwa Ibom State, South-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Essiett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hussain, I., and Khan, H. (2010). Investigation of Heavy Metal Content in Medicinal Plant, Eclipta alba L. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 32."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199810)78:2<267::AID-JSFA114>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Iron bioavailability fromAmaranthus species: 1\u2014In vitro dialysable iron for estimation of genetic variation","volume":"78","author":"Rangarajan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"219","article-title":"Effect of Plant Leaf Positions on Some Micronutrients, Anti-nutrients and Toxic Substances in Telfairia occidentalis at the Vegetative Phase","volume":"2","author":"Musa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2011.01460.x","article-title":"Effect of nitrogen on root release of phytosiderophores and root uptake of Fe(III)- phytosiderophore in Fe-deficient wheat plants","volume":"142","author":"Aciksoz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093895","article-title":"Zinc, iron, manganese and copper uptake requirement in response to nitrogen supply and the increased grain yield of summer maize","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rode, K.D., Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., and McDowell, L.R. (2003). Mineral Resource Availability and Consumption by Colobus in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Int. J. Primatol., 24.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023788330155"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2005.08.013","article-title":"Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake systems","volume":"32","author":"Vardanyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3377-7","article-title":"Phytoremediation of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mg with 25 wetland plant species from a paper mill contaminated site in North East India","volume":"22","author":"Mazumdar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2307\/2259972","article-title":"Element Nutrition of Two Contrasted Dune Annuals","volume":"71","author":"Ernst","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a083279","article-title":"The Iron and Manganese Content of Plants present in the Natural Vegetation of the English Lake District","volume":"15","author":"Mayer","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/15275920802122783","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Metal Deposition in the Vicinity of Eregli Steel Plant in Turkey","volume":"9","author":"Uyar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Forensics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01091224","article-title":"Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea)","volume":"45","author":"Mohamed","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2000.110114.x","article-title":"The mechanism of cobalt toxicity in mung beans","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03410.x","article-title":"Identification of high levels of phytochelatins, glutathione and cadmium in the phloem sap of Brassica napus. A role for thiol-peptides in the long-distance transport of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on iron translocation","volume":"54","author":"Butko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900112r","article-title":"Iron Uptake and Transport in Plants: The Good, the Bad, and the Ionome","volume":"109","author":"Morrissey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grusak, M. (1995). Whole -root iron(III)-reductase activity throughout the life cycle of iron-grown Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae): Relevance to the iron nutrition of developing seeds. Planta, 197.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239946"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.04.043","article-title":"Mining iron: Iron uptake and transport in plants","volume":"581","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20429","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020429","article-title":"Genetic and physiological analysis of iron biofortification in maize kernels","volume":"6","author":"Mwaniki","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mineral profile and variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor)","volume":"61","author":"Shukla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900786e","article-title":"Lentils (Lens culinaris Medikus Subspecies culinaris): A whole food for increased iron and zinc intake","volume":"57","author":"Thavarajah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Abadia, J. (1995). Iron Nutrition in Soil and Plants, Springer Science + Business Media."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1081\/CSS-120018968","article-title":"Mineral Compositions of Eight Common Spices","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Determination of cadmium and trace elements in some spices cultivated in Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Ozkutlu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-007-0137-x","article-title":"Determination of essential and toxic elements in Libyan foodstuff using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)","volume":"271","author":"Alamin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.04.005","article-title":"Metal contents in Centaurium erythraea and its biometry at various levels of environmental pollution","volume":"80","author":"Kosior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Dodson, H.G. Total Iron in Selected Genotypes of Spinach and Cowpeas and the in Vitro Iron Bioavailability of Selected Spinach Genotypes, University of Arkansas. Available online: http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/qxqu4gb."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129709541099","article-title":"Methods to measure iron absorption in humans: A review","volume":"13","author":"Schaafsma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Insel, P.M., Ross, D., McMahon, K., and Bernstein, M. (2013). Discovering Nutrition, Jones & Bartlett Learning. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480500085820","article-title":"Iron availability: An updated review","volume":"55","author":"Martos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104646","article-title":"Iron Absorption. IV. the Absorption of Hemoglobin Iron *","volume":"41","author":"Turnbull","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.4.401","article-title":"Model for measuring dietary absorption of heme iron: Test with a complete meal","volume":"25","author":"Layrisse","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"552","article-title":"The relative dietary importance of haem and non-haem iron","volume":"64","author":"Bezwoda","year":"1983","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1957.tb05785.x","article-title":"Absorption of Haemoglobin Iron","volume":"3","author":"Callender","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-6540-1_13","article-title":"Iron requirements and bioavailability of dietary iron","volume":"44","author":"Hallberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Experientia. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"103","article-title":"Iron bioavailability of different maize genotypes developed in a breeding program: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"62","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.113","article-title":"Study on iron availability from prepared soybean sprouts using an iron-deficient rat model","volume":"135","author":"Hertig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-9","article-title":"Iron bioavailibity from a tropical leafy vegetable in anaemic mice","volume":"8","author":"Hamlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650903000206","article-title":"In vitro estimates of iron bioavailability in some Kenyan complementary foods","volume":"30","author":"Glahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2013.814168","article-title":"Use of shallot ( Allium ascalonicum) and leek (Allium tuberosum) to improve the in vitro available iron and zinc from cereals and legumes","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"CyTA J. Food"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.169","article-title":"A mathematical model for the hemoglobin response to iron intake, based on iron absorption measurements from habitually consumed Indian meals","volume":"66","author":"Thankachan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.2.388","article-title":"Iron bioavailability from maize and beans: A comparison of human measurements with Caco-2 cell and algorithm predictions","volume":"86","author":"Beiseigel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070613","article-title":"Dephytinisation with intrinsic wheat phytase and iron fortification significantly increase iron absorption from fonio (Digitaria exilis) meals in West African women","volume":"8","author":"Moretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27026","article-title":"Optimization of a phytase-containing micronutrient powder with low amounts of highly bioavailable iron for in-home fortification of complementary foods","volume":"89","author":"Troesch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.175067","article-title":"Genetic reduction of phytate in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds increases iron absorption in young women","volume":"143","author":"Petry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.175075","article-title":"Iron bioavailability from a lipid-based complementary food fortificant mixed with millet porridge can be optimized by adding phytase and ascorbic acid but not by using a mixture of ferrous sulfate and sodium iron EDTA","volume":"143","author":"Cercamondi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.164095","article-title":"Phytic acid-to-iron molar ratio rather than polyphenol concentration determines iron bioavailability in whole-cowpea meal among young women","volume":"142","author":"Abizari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.129247","article-title":"A micronutrient powder with low doses of highly absorbable iron and zinc reduces iron and zinc deficiency and improves weight-for-age Z-scores in South African children","volume":"141","author":"Troesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.125369","article-title":"Polyphenols and phytic acid contribute to the low iron bioavailability from common beans in young women","volume":"140","author":"Petry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.01.105","article-title":"Effect of phytate reduction of sorghum, through genetic modification, on iron and zinc availability as assessed by an in vitro dialysability bioaccessibility assay, Caco-2 cell uptake assay, and suckling rat pup absorption model","volume":"141","author":"Kruger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1021\/jf205048r","article-title":"Assessment of iron bioavailability in whole wheat bread by addition of phytase-producing bifidobacteria","volume":"60","author":"Laparra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19830042","article-title":"The effects of organic acids, phytates and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables","volume":"49","author":"Gillooly","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-007-0685-4","article-title":"Both aluminum and polyphenols in green tea decoction (Camellia sinensis) affect iron status and hematological parameters in rats","volume":"46","author":"Marouani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3109\/09637480701830404","article-title":"Iron absorption from brown rice\/brown rice-based meal and milled rice\/milled rice-based meal","volume":"60","author":"Trinidad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.3.193","article-title":"The effect of tea on iron absorption","volume":"16","author":"Disler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602634","article-title":"Consumption of black, green and herbal tea and iron status in French adults","volume":"61","author":"Mennen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.12.2970","article-title":"Chili, but not turmeric, inhibits iron absorption in young women from an iron-fortified composite meal","volume":"136","author":"Tuntipopipat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.2748","article-title":"Association between chilli food habits with iron status and insulin resistance in a Chinese population","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.11.003","article-title":"Enhanced intestinal uptake of iron, zinc and calcium in rats fed pungent spice principles\u2014Piperine, capsaicin and ginger (Zingiber officinale)","volume":"27","author":"Prakash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-007-0062-8","article-title":"Bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc fortified whole wheat flour chapatti","volume":"63","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9582-7","article-title":"Effect of zinc sulfate fortificant on iron absorption from low extraction wheat flour co-fortified with ferrous sulfate","volume":"151","author":"Olivares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/44.1.83","article-title":"Effects of calcium carbonate and hydroxyapatite on zinc and iron retention in postmenopausal women","volume":"44","author":"Seligson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.106","article-title":"Calcium supplementation: Effect on iron absorption","volume":"53","author":"Cook","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00482-2","article-title":"Calcium supplementation and iron status of females","volume":"17","author":"Bendich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr. Burbank Los Angel. Cty. Calif."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"99","article-title":"Supplementing iron bioavailability enhanced mung bean","volume":"17","author":"Purushothaman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508055621","article-title":"Effects of ascorbic acid, phytic acid and tannic acid on iron bioavailability from reconstituted ferritin measured by an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model","volume":"101","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02184.x","article-title":"Bioactive dietary polyphenols inhibit heme iron absorption in a dose-dependent manner in human intestinal Caco-2 cells","volume":"76","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002705","article-title":"Sodium iron EDTA and ascorbic acid, but not polyphenol oxidase treatment, counteract the strong inhibitory effect of polyphenols from brown sorghum on the absorption of fortification iron in young women","volume":"111","author":"Cercamondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.6.403","article-title":"Enhancers of iron absorption: Ascorbic acid and other organic acids","volume":"74","author":"Teucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061683","article-title":"A lactic acid-fermented oat gruel increases non-haem iron absorption from a phytate-rich meal in healthy women of childbearing age","volume":"96","author":"Bering","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"419","article-title":"The promotive effect of soy sauce on iron absorption in human subjects","volume":"44","author":"Baynes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602721","article-title":"Oxalic acid does not influence nonhaem iron absorption in humans: A comparison of kale and spinach meals","volume":"62","author":"Walczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19800090","article-title":"Iron absorption from maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) beer","volume":"43","author":"Derman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/114.3.526","article-title":"Relationship of components in wheat bran and spinach to iron bioavailability in the anemic rat","volume":"114","author":"Gordon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/110.8.1618","article-title":"Availability to rats of iron from spinach: Effects of oxalic acid","volume":"110","author":"Welch","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.176826","article-title":"Total iron absorption by young women from iron-biofortified pearl millet composite meals is double that from regular millet meals but less than that from post-harvest iron-fortified millet meals","volume":"143","author":"Cercamondi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.5.873","article-title":"l-alpha-glycerophosphocholine contributes to meat\u2019s enhancement of nonheme iron absorption","volume":"138","author":"Armah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.2.203","article-title":"The influence of different protein sources on phytate inhibition of nonheme-iron absorption in humans","volume":"63","author":"Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.1.134","article-title":"Estimation of available dietary iron","volume":"31","author":"Monsen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.1.102","article-title":"Iron absorption in humans: Bovine serum albumin compared with beef muscle and egg white","volume":"47","author":"Hurrell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1159\/000095352","article-title":"Comparative effects of the addition of mutton or beef to a bean seed ragout on iron status in growing rats","volume":"50","author":"Hamdaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.4.723","article-title":"Assessment of dietary determinants of nonheme-iron absorption in humans and rats","volume":"54","author":"Reddy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2491","article-title":"The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"325","article-title":"Effect of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate on bread quality and mineral dialyzability","volume":"59","author":"Drago","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/39.4.577","article-title":"Improvement of iron nutrition in developing countries: Comparison of adding meat, soy protein, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and ferrous sulphate on iron absorption from a simple Latin American-type of meal","volume":"39","author":"Hallberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960079","article-title":"In vitro availability of iron and zinc: Effects of the type, concentration and fractions of digestion products of the protein","volume":"76","author":"Zamora","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233704th206oa","article-title":"Effect of Mentha piperita (Labiatae) and Mentha spicata (Labiatae) on iron absorption in rats","volume":"20","author":"Akdogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-3","article-title":"High bioavailability iron maize (Zea mays L.) developed through molecular breeding provides more absorbable iron in vitro (Caco-2 model) and in vivo (Gallus gallus)","volume":"12","author":"Tako","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-58","article-title":"The effect of wheat prebiotics on the gut bacterial population and iron status of iron deficient broiler chickens","volume":"13","author":"Tako","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01864","article-title":"Intra-amniotic administration and dietary inulin affect the iron status and intestinal functionality of iron-deficient broiler chickens","volume":"91","author":"Tako","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2008.01027.x","article-title":"Assessing potential effects of inulin and probiotic bacteria on Fe availability from common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Caco-2 cells","volume":"74","author":"Laparra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507825128","article-title":"Dietary inulin affects the expression of intestinal enterocyte iron transporters, receptors and storage protein and alters the microbiota in the pig intestine","volume":"99","author":"Tako","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2011.615106","article-title":"Influence of Bifidobacterium bifidum on release of minerals from bread with differing bran content","volume":"75","author":"Nalepa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"705","article-title":"Lactic acid fermentation stimulated iron absorption by Caco-2 cells is associated with increased soluble iron content in carrot juice","volume":"96","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196467","article-title":"Mineral balances in humans as affected by fructose, high fructose corn syrup and sucrose","volume":"42","author":"Ivaturi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083031","article-title":"Sugars increase non-heme iron bioavailability in human epithelial intestinal and liver cells","volume":"8","author":"Christides","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"292","article-title":"Effect of dietary carbohydrates on intestinal transport and accumulation of 59Fe++ in iron deficients rats","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"64","article-title":"Iron bioavailability in Wistar rats fed with fortified rice by Ultra Rice technology with or without addition of yacon flour (Smallanthus sonchifolius)","volume":"63","author":"Silveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(98)00138-9","article-title":"Varying dietary concentrations of fructooligosaccharides affect apparent absorption and balance of minerals in growing rats","volume":"18","author":"Wolf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.69.5.348","article-title":"Dietary heme iron does not prevent postgastrectomy anemia but fructooligosaccharides improve bioavailability of heme iron in rats","volume":"69","author":"Ohta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.3.485","article-title":"Dietary fructooligosaccharides prevent postgastrectomy anemia and osteopenia in rats","volume":"128","author":"Ohta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.3.445","article-title":"Nondigestible oligosaccharides do not interfere with calcium and nonheme-iron absorption in young, healthy men","volume":"67","author":"Schaafsma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"126","article-title":"NaFeEDTA fortified soy sauce showed higher iron absorption rate in Chinese females","volume":"20","author":"Huo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci. BES"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.74.6.435","article-title":"Iron amino acid chelates","volume":"74","author":"Hertrampf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"2068","article-title":"Effects of roasting and boiling of quinoa, kiwicha and ka\u00f1iwa on composition and availability of minerals in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Encina","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01088474","article-title":"In vitro starch and protein digestibility and iron availability in weaning foods as affected by processing methods","volume":"45","author":"Gahlawat","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650702800102","article-title":"Effect of household processing on the in vitro bioavailability of iron in mungbean (Vigna radiata)","volume":"28","author":"Barakoti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602524","article-title":"Influence of germination and fermentation on bioaccessibility of zinc and iron from food grains","volume":"61","author":"Hemalatha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010324m","article-title":"Iron and zinc bioavailability in rats fed intrinsically labeled bean and bean-rice infant weaning food products","volume":"49","author":"Kannan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"217","article-title":"The effect of lime cooking of corn on phytic acid, calcium, total and ionizable iron content","volume":"47","author":"Bressani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/09637480903213649","article-title":"Role of oxate, phytate, tannins and cooking on iron bioavailability from foods commonly consumed in Mexico","volume":"61","author":"Sotelo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10999","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802537t","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of phenols in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and iron (Fe) availability to Caco-2 cells","volume":"56","author":"Laparra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.3.646","article-title":"Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans","volume":"128","author":"Layrisse","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02020500","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of iron alone and in combination with authentic or natural vitamin C and carotene","volume":"15","author":"Saleh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungswissenschaft"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.134031","article-title":"Ascorbic acid offsets the inhibitory effect of bioactive dietary polyphenolic compounds on transepithelial iron transport in Caco-2 intestinal cells","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.1.140","article-title":"Iron absorption in man: Ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate","volume":"49","author":"Hallberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.937","article-title":"Estimation of nonheme-iron bioavailability from meal composition","volume":"71","author":"Reddy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1298","article-title":"Relationship between iron status and dietary fruit and vegetables based on their vitamin C and fiber content","volume":"87","author":"Dauchet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.353","article-title":"Dietary intake and iron status of Australian vegetarian women","volume":"70","author":"Ball","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-58392012000200011","article-title":"Influence of Water Deficit on Iron and Zinc Uptake by Matricaria chamomilla L","volume":"72","author":"Pirzad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chil. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02731.x","article-title":"Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seed extract under drought","volume":"77","author":"Rebey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.03.021","article-title":"Betula pendula leaves: Polyphenolic characterization and potential innovative use in skin whitening products","volume":"83","author":"Cacciola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2012.658799","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of polyphenol and ultrasonic extracts from fruits of Crataegus pentagyna subsp. elburensis","volume":"26","author":"Rabiei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.521884","article-title":"Polyphenolics profile and antioxidant properties of Raphanus sativus L","volume":"26","author":"Beevi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-009-0148-6","article-title":"Polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L","volume":"65","author":"Beevi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01929.x","article-title":"Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in rice brans of different color","volume":"76","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and polyphenolic contents of three selected Micromeria species from Croatia","volume":"16","author":"Alegro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Basel Switz."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"5971","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. \u201cBudrovka\u201d: A comparative study with L. angustifolia Mill","volume":"15","author":"Brantner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Basel Switz."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802084844","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of spices and herbs on iron availability","volume":"60","author":"Tuntipopipat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical composition of two varieties of sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), calyces and the drinks made from them","volume":"58","author":"Nnam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"79","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity, polyphenol content and iron bioavailability from algae (Ulva sp., Sargassum sp. and Porphyra sp.) in human subjects","volume":"101","author":"Leets","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7950","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070023y","article-title":"Screening of iron bioavailability patterns in eight bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes using the Caco-2 cell in vitro model","volume":"55","author":"Blair","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19840007","article-title":"Factors affecting the absorption of iron from cereals","volume":"51","author":"Gillooly","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0116496","article-title":"Comparison of iron bioavailability from 15 rice genotypes: Studies using an in vitro digestion\/caco-2 cell culture model","volume":"50","author":"Glahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0108157","article-title":"Oxidation of polyphenols in phytate-reduced high-tannin cereals: Effect on different phenolic groups and on in vitro accessible iron","volume":"49","author":"Matuschek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3803(20010101)45:1<35::AID-FOOD35>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of some hull less and hulled barley cultivars grown in India","volume":"45","author":"Jood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nahrung"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.2.270","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of nuts on iron absorption","volume":"47","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000091680","article-title":"Iron availability and consumption of tea, vervain and mint during weaning in Morocco","volume":"50","author":"Zaida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/026010600201600205","article-title":"Effect of domestic processing and cooking methods on total, hcl extractable iron and in vitro availability of iron in spinach and amaranth leaves","volume":"16","author":"Yadav","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.585961","article-title":"Estimation of proximate composition, micronutrients and phytochemical compounds in traditional vegetables from Andaman and Nicobar Islands","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"83","article-title":"Comparison of the nutritive value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Bidens pilosa and Chenopodium album","volume":"68","author":"Adedapo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Polyphenolic and biological activities of leaves extracts of Argemone subfusiformis (Papaveraceae) and Urtica urens (Urticaceae)","volume":"58","author":"Jimoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-010-0170-8","article-title":"Comparison of the nutrient and chemical contents of traditional Korean Chungtaejeon and green teas","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. Dordr. Neth."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.01.007","article-title":"Comparison of the nutritional value and biological activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Solanum nigrum and Leonotis leonorus","volume":"48","author":"Jimoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"95","article-title":"Determination of mineral contents and antioxidant activity in some plants that contain allelochemicals of Banat region","volume":"22","author":"Butnariu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. Univ. \u201cVasile Goldi\u015f\u201d Ser. \u015etiin\u0163. Vie\u0163ii"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2009.934.938","article-title":"Correlation between the in vitro iron chelating activity and poly phenol and flavonoid contents of some medicinal plants","volume":"12","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci. PJBS"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.10.2257","article-title":"A comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods for determining availability of iron from meals","volume":"34","author":"Schricker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.75.6.436","article-title":"The precision of in vitro methods and algorithms for predicting the bioavailability of dietary iron","volume":"75","author":"Lynch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199810)78:2<274::AID-JSFA115>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Iron bioavailability fromAmaranthus species: 2\u2014Evaluation using haemoglobin repletion in anaemic rats","volume":"78","author":"Rangarajan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.07.105","article-title":"Content of zinc, iron and their absorption inhibitors in Nicaraguan common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"136","author":"Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"551","article-title":"Analysis of macro and micro nutrients in some Indian medicinal herbs grown in Jaunpur (u.p.) soil","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.194670","article-title":"A Higher Proportion of Iron-Rich Leafy Vegetables in a Typical Burkinabe Maize Meal Does Not Increase the Amount of Iron Absorbed in Young Women","volume":"144","author":"Cercamondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"Alpers, D.H., Stenson, W.F., Taylor, B.E., and Bier, D.M. (2008). Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics, Spiral Manua, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2008.00783.x","article-title":"Synthesis and bioaccessibility of Fe-pheophytin derivatives from crude spinach extract","volume":"73","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/12\/5535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:53:46Z","timestamp":1760216026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/12\/5535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu7125535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7125535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]}}}