{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:31:28Z","timestamp":1776803488529,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spectrum of gluten-related disorders has widened in recent times and includes celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and wheat allergy. The complex of symptoms associated with these diseases, such as diarrhea, constipation or abdominal pain may overlap for the gluten related diseases, and furthermore they can be similar to those caused by various other intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The mechanisms underlying symptom generation are diverse for all these diseases. Some patients with celiac disease may remain asymptomatic or have only mild gastrointestinal symptoms and thus may qualify for the diagnosis of IBS in the general clinical practice. Similarly, the overlap of symptoms between IBS and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) often creates a dilemma for clinicians. While the treatment of NCGS is exclusion of gluten from the diet, some, but not all, of the patients with IBS also improve on a gluten-free diet. Both IBS and NCGS are common in the general population and both can coexist with each other independently without necessarily sharing a common pathophysiological basis. Although the pathogenesis of NCGS is not well understood, it is likely to be heterogeneous with possible contributing factors such as low-grade intestinal inflammation, increased intestinal barrier function and changes in the intestinal microbiota. Innate immunity may also play a pivotal role. One possible inducer of innate immune response has recently been reported to be amylase-trypsin inhibitor, a protein present in wheat endosperm and the source of flour, along with the gluten proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T02:57:29Z","timestamp":1450061849000},"page":"10417-10426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Archita","family":"Makharia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Catassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govind","family":"Makharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0954","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: A clinical review","volume":"313","author":"Chey","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318247157c","article-title":"A global perspective on irritable bowel syndrome: A consensus statement of the World Gastroenterology Organisation Summit Task Force on irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Quigley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.002","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the pharmacological management of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029","article-title":"Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lovell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2010.16.4.389","article-title":"The current prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Asia","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2011.17.1.82","article-title":"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: A community based study from northern India","volume":"17","author":"Makharia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: Report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force","volume":"27","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"419","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of IBS in adults","volume":"86","author":"Wilkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.06.031","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.4.710","article-title":"Role of irritable bowel syndrome in subjective lactose intolerance","volume":"67","author":"Vesa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300220","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 3 years after acute giardiasis: Historic cohort study","volume":"61","author":"Wensaas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.344","article-title":"Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: Separating the wheat from the chat!","volume":"107","author":"Sanders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.236","article-title":"Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: Exploring a new clinical entity","volume":"107","author":"Carroccio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.084","article-title":"The prevalence of celiac disease among patients with nonconstipated irritable bowel syndrome is similar to controls","volume":"141","author":"Cash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volta, U., Bardella, M.T., Calabr\u00f2, A., Troncone, R., and Corazza, G.R. (2014). Study Group for Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Med.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-85"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2014.20.2.236","article-title":"Prevalence of Anti-deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibodies in Asian Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"435","article-title":"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Is it in the gluten or the grain?","volume":"22","author":"Nijeboer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5103839","article-title":"Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity: The new frontier of gluten related disorders","volume":"5","author":"Catassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511200081X","article-title":"Emerging concepts: From coeliac disease to non-coeliac gluten sensitivity","volume":"71","author":"Aziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346","article-title":"The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms","volume":"62","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.044","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"135","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i3.275","article-title":"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders","volume":"3","author":"Tovoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614535929","article-title":"Wheat-related disorders: A broad spectrum of \u201cevolving\u201d diseases","volume":"2","author":"Gasbarrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"25","article-title":"US perspective on gluten-related diseases","volume":"7","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000369518","article-title":"World perspective and celiac disease epidemiology","volume":"33","author":"Catassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06606.x","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease in the northern part of India: A community based study","volume":"26","author":"Makharia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12514","article-title":"World Gastroenterology Organization-Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology Working Party on Celiac Disease. Issues associated with the emergence of coeliac disease in the Asia\u2013Pacific region: A working party report of the World Gastroenterology Organization and the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology","volume":"29","author":"Makharia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp055","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity in the United States clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study population","volume":"37","author":"Cascella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2012.07.006","article-title":"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity","volume":"22","author":"Lundin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.049","article-title":"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity","volume":"148","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapone, A., Lammers, K.M., Casolaro, V., Cammarota, M., Giuliano, M.T., De Rosa, M., Stefanile, R., Mazzarella, G., Tolone, C., and Russo, M.I. (2011). Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: Celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Med.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-23"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1159\/000371476","article-title":"Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors as nutritional activators of innate immunity","volume":"33","author":"Schuppan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.059","article-title":"Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease","volume":"137","author":"Kyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.514285","article-title":"Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974","volume":"42","author":"Catassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.23","article-title":"The spectrum of celiac disease: Epidemiology; clinical aspects and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Tack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12078","article-title":"Celiac disease: A disease with varied manifestations in adults and adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.22","article-title":"Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.012","article-title":"Testing for celiac sprue in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: A cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"126","author":"Spiegel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-200901001-00002","article-title":"An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Brandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12260","article-title":"Prevalence of celiac disease in Indian patients with irritable bowel syndrome and uninvestigated dyspepsia","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapone, A., Bai, J.C., Ciacci, C., Dolinsek, J., Green, P.H., Hadjivassiliou, M., Kaukinen, K., Rostami, K., Sanders, S.D., and Schumann, M. (2012). Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: Consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-13"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064966","article-title":"Diagnosis of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS): The Salerno Experts\u2019 Criteria","volume":"7","author":"Catassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.188","article-title":"Between celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome: The \u201cno man\u2019s land\u201d of gluten sensitivity","volume":"104","author":"Verdu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00010","article-title":"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity: Sense or sensibility?","volume":"156","author":"Corazza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2013.28","article-title":"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: Questions still to be answered despite increasing awareness","volume":"10","author":"Volta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000371401","article-title":"Other Dietary Confounders: FODMAPS et al.","volume":"33","author":"Gibson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92427-3","article-title":"Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity?","volume":"1","author":"Ellis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90432-1","article-title":"Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease","volume":"79","author":"Cooper","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.049","article-title":"A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: Effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function","volume":"144","author":"Camilleri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.487","article-title":"FRACP1 Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Biesiekierski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.07.046","article-title":"Confocal endomicroscopy shows food-associated changes in the intestinal mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Schuppan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.119446","article-title":"Clinical Services Committee of The British Society of Gastroenterology. Guidelines on the irritable bowel syndrome: Mechanisms and practical management","volume":"56","author":"Spiller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07026.x","article-title":"Utility of the Rome I and Rome II criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in U.S. women","volume":"97","author":"Chey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"85","article-title":"What role does wheat play in the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?","volume":"9","author":"Eswaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.00288.x","article-title":"Diet and functional gastrointestinal disorders: A population-based case-control study","volume":"100","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00531.x","article-title":"Are adverse food reactions linked to irritable syndrome?","volume":"93","author":"Niec","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03804.x","article-title":"Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea","volume":"96","author":"Chey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01395503","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: Physiological and psychological differences between diarrhea-predominant and constipation-predominant patients","volume":"25","author":"Whitehead","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dig. Dis Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.5.405","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: Relationship of disorders in the transit of a single solid meal to symptom patterns","volume":"24","author":"Cann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000075554","article-title":"Abnormal colonic propagated activity in patients with slow transit constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Bassotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Digestion."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90289-D","article-title":"Postprandial colonic transit and motor activity in chronic constipation","volume":"98","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.031","article-title":"Altered 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling in patients with constipation- and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Atkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i18.2715","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic function in untreated adult coeliac disease","volume":"10","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.047480","article-title":"Autonomic neuropathy and coeliac disease","volume":"76","author":"Gibbons","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G217","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00225.2007","article-title":"Gliadin-dependent neuromuscular and epithelial secretory responses in gluten-sensitive HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice","volume":"294","author":"Verdu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.008","article-title":"Celiac disease: From pathogenesis to novel therapies","volume":"137","author":"Schuppan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3407","article-title":"Triggers and drivers of autoimmunity: Lessons from celiac disease","volume":"13","author":"Sollid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.06.057","article-title":"Gliadin stimulates human monocytes to production of IL-8 and TNF-alpha through a mechanism involving NF-kappaB","volume":"571","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102660","article-title":"Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4","volume":"209","author":"Junker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupont, F.M., Vensel, W.H., Tanaka, C.K., Hurkman, W.J., and Altenbach, S.B. (2011). Deciphering the complexities of the wheat flour proteome using quantitative two-dimensional electrophoresis, three proteases and tandem mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5956-9-10"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/12\/5541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:53:50Z","timestamp":1760216030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/12\/5541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu7125541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7125541","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]]}}}