{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:18:23Z","timestamp":1791299903902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was aimed at determining potential effects of apple-derived pectin on weight gain, gut microbiota, gut barrier and metabolic endotoxemia in rat models of diet-induced obesity. The rats received a standard diet (control; Chow group; n = 8) or a high-fat diet (HFD; n = 32) for eight weeks to induce obesity. The top 50th percentile of weight-gainers were selected as diet induced obese rats. Thereafter, the Chow group continued on chow, and the diet induced obese rats were randomly divided into two groups and received HFD (HF group; n = 8) or pectin-supplemented HFD (HF-P group; n = 8) for six weeks. Compared to the HF group, the HF-P group showed attenuated weight gain (207.38 \u00b1 7.96 g vs. 283.63 \u00b1 10.17 g, p &lt; 0.01) and serum total cholesterol level (1.46 \u00b1 0.13 mmol\/L vs. 2.06 \u00b1 0.26 mmol\/L, p &lt; 0.01). Compared to the Chow group, the HF group showed a decrease in Bacteroidetes phylum and an increase in Firmicutes phylum, as well as subordinate categories (p &lt; 0.01). These changes were restored to the normal levels in the HF-P group. Furthermore, compared to the HF group, the HF-P group displayed improved intestinal alkaline phosphatase (0.57 \u00b1 0.20 vs. 0.30 \u00b1 0.19, p &lt; 0.05) and claudin 1 (0.76 \u00b1 0.14 vs. 0.55 \u00b1 0.18, p &lt; 0.05) expression, and decreased Toll-like receptor 4 expression in ileal tissue (0.76 \u00b1 0.58 vs. 2.04 \u00b1 0.89, p &lt; 0.01). The HF-P group also showed decreased inflammation (TNF\u03b1: 316.13 \u00b1 7.62 EU\/mL vs. 355.59 \u00b1 8.10 EU\/mL, p &lt; 0.01; IL-6: 51.78 \u00b1 2.35 EU\/mL vs. 58.98 \u00b1 2.59 EU\/mL, p &lt; 0.01) and metabolic endotoxemia (2.83 \u00b1 0.42 EU\/mL vs. 0.68 \u00b1 0.14 EU\/mL, p &lt; 0.01). These results suggest that apple-derived pectin could modulate gut microbiota, attenuate metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation, and consequently suppress weight gain and fat accumulation in diet induced obese rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T10:55:59Z","timestamp":1456743359000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Apple-Derived Pectin Modulates Gut Microbiota, Improves Gut Barrier Function, and Attenuates Metabolic Endotoxemia in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiucheng","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, South Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingcheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Pukou District, Nanjing 210061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Pukou District, Nanjing 210061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Pukou District, Nanjing 210061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613516981","article-title":"\u201cObesity is a disease\u201d: Examining the self-regulatory impact of this public-health message","volume":"25","author":"Hoyt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. 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