{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:22:06Z","timestamp":1791397326962,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danish Research Council FTP","award":["Advances in Food quality and Nutrition Research through implementation of metabolomic strategies"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Advances in Food quality and Nutrition Research through implementation of metabolomic strategies"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human milk is the ideal nutrition source for healthy infants during the first six months of life and a detailed characterisation of the composition of milk from mothers that deliver prematurely (&lt;37 weeks gestation), and of how human milk changes during lactation, would benefit our understanding of the nutritional requirements of premature infants. Individual milk samples from mothers delivering prematurely and at term were collected. The human milk metabolome, established by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, was influenced by gestational and lactation age. Metabolite profiling identified that levels of valine, leucine, betaine, and creatinine were increased in colostrum from term mothers compared with mature milk, while those of glutamate, caprylate, and caprate were increased in mature term milk compared with colostrum. Levels of oligosaccharides, citrate, and creatinine were increased in pre-term colostrum, while those of caprylate, caprate, valine, leucine, glutamate, and pantothenate increased with time postpartum. There were differences between pre-term and full-term milk in the levels of carnitine, caprylate, caprate, pantothenate, urea, lactose, oligosaccharides, citrate, phosphocholine, choline, and formate. These findings suggest that the metabolome of pre-term milk changes within 5\u20137 weeks postpartum to resemble that of term milk, independent of time of gestation at pre-mature delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T20:43:57Z","timestamp":1463690637000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The Effect of Gestational and Lactational Age on the Human Milk Metabolome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4849-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrik","family":"Sundekilde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, \u00c5rslev 5792, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eimear","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"O\u2019Mahony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol-Anne","family":"O\u2019Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, \u00c5rslev 5792, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(09)60051-6","article-title":"Health consequences of nutrition in childhood and early infancy","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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