{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:25:54Z","timestamp":1792081554826,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is well known to exert multiple functions in bone biology, autoimmune diseases, cell growth, inflammation or neuromuscular and other immune functions. It is a fat-soluble vitamin present in many foods. It can be endogenously produced by ultraviolet rays from sunlight when the skin is exposed to initiate vitamin D synthesis. However, since vitamin D is biologically inert when obtained from sun exposure or diet, it must first be activated in human beings before functioning. The kidney and the liver play here a crucial role by hydroxylation of vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver and to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidney. In the past decades, it has been proven that vitamin D deficiency is involved in many diseases. Due to vitamin D\u2019s central role in the musculoskeletal system and consequently the strong negative impact on bone health in cases of vitamin D deficiency, our aim was to underline its importance in bone physiology by summarizing recent findings on the correlation of vitamin D status and rickets, osteomalacia, osteopenia, primary and secondary osteoporosis as well as sarcopenia and musculoskeletal pain. While these diseases all positively correlate with a vitamin D deficiency, there is a great controversy regarding the appropriate vitamin D supplementation as both positive and negative effects on bone mineral density, musculoskeletal pain and incidence of falls are reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1464808954000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Crucial Role of Vitamin D in the Musculoskeletal System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elke","family":"Wintermeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-1702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Ehnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"St\u00f6ckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"De Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Flesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bahrs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Nussler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, T\u00fcbingen D-72076, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1911.sp001481","article-title":"On the chemical nature of the substance which cures polyneuritis in birds induced by a diet of polished rice","volume":"43","author":"Funk","year":"1911","journal-title":"J. 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