{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:39:07Z","timestamp":1791308347463,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,30]],"date-time":"2016-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-2883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-2883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012-0906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012-0906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bo and Vera Axson Johnsons Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Henning and Johan Throne-Holst Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["RYC-2010-05957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2010-05957"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["RYC-2011-09011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2011-09011"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["BES-2014-068829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BES-2014-068829"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical fitness is a powerful marker of health in youth. Studies in adolescents and adults suggest that higher fat mass is related to worse physical fitness. However, there is limited knowledge whether fat mass and fat-free mass are associated with physical fitness already in preschoolers. Baseline data from the MINISTOP (Mobile-based INtervention Intended to STop Obesity in Preschoolers) trial was utilized for this cross-sectional analysis. Body composition was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. Fat mass index [fat mass (kg)\/height2 (m)] and fat-free mass index [fat-free mass (kg)\/height2 (m)] were used to provide height-adjusted measures of body composition. Physical fitness was measured using the PREFIT (FITness testing in PREschool children) battery, which assesses cardiorespiratory fitness, upper-body and lower-body muscular strength as well as motor fitness. In total, this study included 303 children (168 boys and 135 girls), who were on average 4.48 \u00b1 0.15 years old. Higher fat mass index was associated with worse cardiorespiratory fitness (standardized \u03b2 = \u22120.17, p = 0.002), lower-body muscular strength (\u03b2 = \u22120.17, p = 0.003) and motor fitness (\u03b2 = \u22120.21, p &lt; 0.001) in regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and mutually adjusted for fat-mass index and fat-free mass index. Conversely, higher fat-free mass index was associated with better cardiorespiratory fitness (\u03b2 = 0.18, p = 0.002), upper-body muscular strength (\u03b2 = 0.39, p &lt; 0.001), lower-body muscular strength (\u03b2 = 0.22, p &lt; 0.001) and motor fitness (\u03b2 = 0.17, p = 0.004). Thus, fat mass and fat-free mass in preschoolers appear to have joint but opposite associations with physical fitness, an important marker for current and future health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T03:47:39Z","timestamp":1470196059000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pontus","family":"Henriksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 53 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4513-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cadenas-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3496-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Delisle Nystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Pomeroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonatan","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2273-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"L\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 53 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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