{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:17:03Z","timestamp":1781511423322,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interactions between dietary patterns and 2 \u03b2-adrenergic receptor (ADR\u03b2) gene polymorphisms (ADR\u03b22 Gln27Glu and ADR\u03b23 Trp64Arg) were examined with regard to the effects on serum triglyceride levels. The cross-sectional study comprised 1720 men and women (aged 35\u201369 years) enrolled in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study. Genotyping was conducted using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based invader assay. We used 46 items from a validated short food frequency questionnaire and examined major dietary patterns by factor analysis. We identified four dietary patterns: healthy, Western, seafood and bread patterns. There was no significant association between any dietary pattern and serum triglyceride levels. After a separate genotype-based analysis, significant interactions between ADR\u03b23 Trp64Arg genotype and the bread pattern (p for interaction = 0.01) were associated with serum triglyceride levels; specifically, after adjusting for confounding factors, Arg allele carriers with the bread pattern had lower serum triglycerides (p for trend = 0.01). However, the Trp\/Trp homozygous subjects with the bread pattern showed no association with serum triglycerides (p for trend = 0.55). Interactions between other dietary patterns and ADR\u03b2 polymorphisms were not significant for serum triglyceride levels. Our findings suggest that ADR\u03b23 polymorphism modifies the effects of the bread pattern on triglyceride levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1473156616000},"page":"545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Associations between Dietary Patterns, ADR\u03b22 Gln27Glu and ADR\u03b23 Trp64Arg with Regard to Serum Triglyceride Levels: J-MICC Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7263-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hinako","family":"Nanri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2320-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyo","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Mary\u2019s College Faculty of Nursing, Kurume 830-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keitaro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka 803-0835, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Hamajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoyuki","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadao","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yora","family":"Nindita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Kohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruhide","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoyo","family":"Hosono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruo","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Registry, Prevention and Epidemiology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba 260-8717, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.01.005","article-title":"Regulation of plasma triglycerides in insulin resistance and diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32832dd4dc","article-title":"Triglycerides and coronary heart disease: Have recent insights yielded conclusive answers?","volume":"20","author":"Sarwar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182160726","article-title":"Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"123","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-003-0824-2","article-title":"Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms","volume":"369","author":"Leineweber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051120","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms in the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene with obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Yamada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Genotype Arg\/Arg, but not Trp\/Arg, of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor is associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity in a large Japanese sample","volume":"46","author":"Oizumi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.07.012","article-title":"The Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with increased small dense low-density lipoprotein in a rural Japanese population: The Mima study","volume":"56","author":"Tsuzaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.8622","article-title":"Gln27Glu and Arg16Gly polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene are not associated with obesity in Japanese men","volume":"49","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00251-2","article-title":"Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism, body weight, and physical activity","volume":"353","author":"Meirhaeghe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00284-4","article-title":"\u03b23-adrenergic receptor gene variant is associated with upper body obesity only in obese Japanese-American men but not in women","volume":"54","author":"Kawamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508103330603","article-title":"Time of onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and genetic variation in the \u03b2 3-adrenergic-receptor gene","volume":"333","author":"Walston","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802562","article-title":"Additive effect of the mutations in the \u03b23-adrenoceptor gene and UCP3 gene promoter on body fat distribution and glycemic control after weight reduction in overweight subjects with CAD or metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.10.1709","article-title":"Impaired capacity to lose visceral adipose tissue during weight reduction in obese postmenopausal women with the Trp64Arg \u03b23-adrenoceptor gene variant","volume":"49","author":"Tchernof","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0380-y","article-title":"Critical review: Vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases","volume":"51","author":"Boeing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.23.3127","article-title":"Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: Clinical applications","volume":"287","author":"Fletcher","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516001549","article-title":"Dietary patterns in the French adult population: A study from the second French national cross-sectional dietary survey (INCA2) (2006\u20132007)","volume":"116","author":"Gazan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kleinbaum, D.G., Kupper, L.L., and Muller, K.E. (1988). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods, PWS\u2014KENT Publishing Company. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1369","article-title":"Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"83","author":"Nettleton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009993211","article-title":"Relative validity of dietary patterns derived from a self-administered diet history questionnaire using factor analysis among Japanese adults","volume":"13","author":"Okubo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-30","article-title":"Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese working population","volume":"10","author":"Akter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.61.333","article-title":"Associations of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: A cross-sectional study in a Japanese population","volume":"61","author":"Arisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.05.008","article-title":"Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acids diet and a Mediterranean diet on serum lipids and insulin sensitivity in adults with mild abdominal obesity","volume":"20","author":"Bos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.04.019","article-title":"Influence of the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the \u03b2 3 adrenoreceptor gene on insulin resistance, adipocytokine response, and weight loss secondary to lifestyle modification in obese patients","volume":"18","author":"Aller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000209268","article-title":"Influence of Trp64Arg polymorphism of \u03b2 3-adrenoreceptor gene on insulin resistance, adipocytokines and weight loss secondary to two hypocaloric diets","volume":"54","author":"Aller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.06.013","article-title":"No effect of the Trp64Arg variant of the \u03b23-adrenergic receptor gene on weight loss by diet and exercise intervention among Japanese adults","volume":"57","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.04.003","article-title":"Polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 and \u03b22-adrenergic genes and diet lipid effects on body composition, energy expenditure and eating behavior of obese women","volume":"49","author":"Rosado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"317","article-title":"The Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study (J-MICC Study) to detect gene-environment interactions for cancer","volume":"8","author":"Hamajima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20100139","article-title":"Profile of participants and genotype distributions of 108 polymorphisms in a cross-sectional study of associations of genotypes with lifestyle and clinical factors: A project in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study","volume":"21","author":"Wakai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"195","article-title":"Validity of a food frequency questionnaire in a population with high alcohol consumption in Japan","volume":"25","author":"Nakahata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20120078","article-title":"Effect of the PPARG2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and clinical risk factors for diabetes mellitus on HbA1c in the Japanese general population","volume":"22","author":"Hara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.30.2492","article-title":"New Water-soluble Hydrogen Donors for the Enzymatic Photometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide. II. N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) aniline Derivatives","volume":"30","author":"Tamaoku","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/11026480600568720","article-title":"Validation study of fatty acid consumption assessed with a short food frequency questionnaire against plasma concentration in middle-aged Japanese people","volume":"50","author":"Goto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.17.100","article-title":"Reproducibility of a short food frequency questionnaire for Japanese general population","volume":"17","author":"Imaeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"40","article-title":"Development of a data-based short food frequency questionnaire for assessing nutrient intake by middle-aged Japanese","volume":"5","author":"Tokudome","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.15.135","article-title":"Relative validity of a short food frequency questionnaire for assessing nutrient intake versus three-day weighed diet records in middle-aged Japanese","volume":"15","author":"Tokudome","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (2000). Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380170047","article-title":"A high-throughput SNP typing system for genome-wide association studies","volume":"46","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0297","article-title":"Dietary patterns and A1C in Japanese men and women","volume":"31","author":"Nanri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140002","article-title":"Associations between hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and increased body mass index and fasting glucose level in the Japanese general population","volume":"24","author":"Hara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.1.61","article-title":"Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"73","author":"Fung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.1029","article-title":"Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"80","author":"Schulze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.06.369","article-title":"Dietary pattern classifications and the association with general obesity and abdominal obesity in Korean women","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140158","article-title":"Dietary patterns and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in Japanese men and women","volume":"25","author":"Nanri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.09.033","article-title":"Habitual coffee but not green tea consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome: An epidemiological study in a general Japanese population","volume":"76","author":"Hino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050702","article-title":"A mutation of the \u03b2 3-adrenergic receptor is associated with visceral obesity but decreased serum triglyceride","volume":"40","author":"Yasuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graudal, N.A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., and Jurgens, G. (2011). Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004022.pub3"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/9\/545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:30:11Z","timestamp":1760211011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/9\/545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu8090545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8090545","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]]}}}