{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1780985042003,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects about 19.1 million pregnant women. Its occurrence is classically associated with inadequate food intake and may also be associated with socioeconomic factors and the presence of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to serum retinol levels among pregnant teenagers. The sample consisted of 89 pregnant adolescents, from whom socioeconomic, obstetric, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected. Serum concentrations of retinol and the supposed presence of infection were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and C-reactive protein quantification, respectively. The serum retinol concentrations were classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. We adopted a 5% significance level for all statistical tests. Serum retinol levels were significantly and positively associated with sanitation (p = 0.008) and pre-gestational nutritional status (p = 0.002), and negatively with the trimester (p = 0.001). The appropriate sanitation conditions and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) were shown to have a protective effect against VAD. Conversely, serum retinol levels were reduced with trimester progression, favoring VAD occurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T10:28:49Z","timestamp":1477391329000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Serum Retinol Levels in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Relationship with Habitual Food Intake, Infection and Obstetric, Nutritional and Socioeconomic Variables"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5818-9502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La\u00eds","family":"Sp\u00edndola Garc\u00eaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geania","family":"De Sousa Paz Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"De Azevedo Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Maria Reb\u00ealo Sampaio da Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Augustine College, Nutrition Course, Teresina 64019625, Piau\u00ed, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"L\u00e1zaro Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083887, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipids Lab (LIM10), Endocrinology and Metabolism Division of Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Cotta de Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083887, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"De Barros-Mazon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083887, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3040385","article-title":"Vitamin A in reproduction and development","volume":"3","author":"Knutson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). 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