{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:56:36Z","timestamp":1783972596721,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A growing number of individuals reports symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food in the absence of celiac disease. Yet the actual prevalence is not well established. Methods: Between April 2015 and March 2016, unselected adults visiting marketplaces, dental practices and a university in The Netherlands were asked to complete a modified validated questionnaire for self-reported gluten sensitivity (srGS). Results: Among the 785 adults enquired, two had celiac disease. Forty-nine (6.2%) reported symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food. These individuals were younger, predominantly female and lived more frequently in urban regions compared with the other respondents. Symptoms reported included bloating (74%), abdominal discomfort (49%) and flatulence (47%). A total of 23 (47%) srGS individuals reported having had tried a gluten-free or gluten-restricted diet. Abdominal discomfort related to fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP)-containing food was more often reported in srGS individuals compared with the other respondents (73.5% vs. 21.7%, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Self-reported GS is common in The Netherlands, especially in younger individuals, females and urban regions, although the prevalence was lower than in a comparable recent UK study. It cannot be excluded that FODMAPs are in part responsible for these symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T09:58:26Z","timestamp":1478599106000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Prevalence and Characterization of Self-Reported Gluten Sensitivity in The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Van Gils","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Center Amsterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petula","family":"Nijeboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Center Amsterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"IJssennagger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Center Amsterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Center Amsterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celiac Center Amsterdam, Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"398","article-title":"Proceedings: Chronic diarrhoea and gluten sensitivity","volume":"17","author":"Cooper","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92427-3","article-title":"Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity?","volume":"1","author":"Ellis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapone, A., Bai, J.C., Ciacci, C., Dolinsek, J., Green, P.H., Hadjivassiliou, M., Kaukinen, K., Rostami, K., Sanders, D.S., and Schumann, M. (2012). Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: Consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-13"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064966","article-title":"Diagnosis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (ncgs): The salerno experts\u2019 criteria","volume":"7","author":"Catassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Great Gluten-Free Scam. Available online: http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/food-and-drink\/news\/the-great-gluten-free-scam\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foschia, M., Horstmann, S., Arendt, E.K., and Zannini, E. (2016). Nutritional therapy\u2013facing the gap between coeliac disease and gluten-free food. Int. J. Food Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.014"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders","volume":"130","author":"Longstreth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-385559","article-title":"How I treat enteropathy-associated t-cell lymphoma","volume":"119","author":"Di","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.051","article-title":"No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates","volume":"145","author":"Biesiekierski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300248","article-title":"Coeliac disease and gluten avoidance in new zealand children","volume":"97","author":"Tanpowpong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.809598","article-title":"Prevalence of gluten-free diet adherence among individuals without celiac disease in the USA: Results from the continuous national health and nutrition examination survey 2009\u20132010","volume":"48","author":"DiGiacomo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000435546.87251.f7","article-title":"A UK study assessing the population prevalence of self-reported gluten sensitivity and referral characteristics to secondary care","volume":"26","author":"Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volta, U., Bardella, M.T., Calabro, A., Troncone, R., and Corazza, G.R. (2014). An Italian prospective multicenter survey on patients suspected of having non-celiac gluten sensitivity. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-85"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gou065","article-title":"The present and the future in the diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"3","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014000652","article-title":"Motivations for avoiding wheat consumption in australia: Results from a population survey","volume":"18","author":"Golley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075267","article-title":"Self-reported prevalence of symptomatic adverse reactions to gluten and adherence to gluten-free diet in an adult mexican population","volume":"7","author":"Ontiveros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002056","article-title":"Are gluten-free foods healthier than non-gluten-free foods? An evaluation of supermarket products in australia","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000166","article-title":"Change in awareness of gluten-related disorders among chefs and the general public in the uk: A 10-year follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533614529163","article-title":"Characterization of adults with a self-diagnosis of nonceliac gluten sensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Biesiekierski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.049","article-title":"Nonceliac gluten sensitivity","volume":"148","author":"Fasano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90234-8","article-title":"A population study of food intolerance","volume":"343","author":"Young","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2767-6","article-title":"Subjective health complaints and modern health worries in patients with subjective food hypersensitivity","volume":"50","author":"Lind","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16069","article-title":"Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a role for gluten","volume":"22","author":"Volta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.12","article-title":"Food: The main course to wellness and illness in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Chey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv3","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.suppl_4.iv3","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia-a conceptual framework","volume":"47","author":"Berstad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182372541","article-title":"Serological tests in gluten sensitivity (nonceliac gluten intolerance)","volume":"46","author":"Volta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-67202015000300009","article-title":"The prevalence of hla dq2 and dq8 in patients with celiac disease, in family and in general population","volume":"28","author":"Cecilio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cir. Dig"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.03.021","article-title":"Predictors of clinical response to gluten-free diet in patients diagnosed with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Wahnschaffe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhde, M., Ajamian, M., Caio, G., De Giorgio, R., Indart, A., Green, P.H., Verna, E.C., Volta, U., and Alaedini, A. (2016). Intestinal cell damage and systemic immune activation in individuals reporting sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311964"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake, K., Tanaka, T., and McNeil, P.L. (2007). Lectin-based food poisoning: A new mechanism of protein toxicity. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000687"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102660","article-title":"Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4","volume":"209","author":"Junker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.49","article-title":"Food choice as a key management strategy for functional gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"107","author":"Gibson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"435","article-title":"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Is it in the gluten or the grain?","volume":"22","author":"Nijeboer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2015-133395","article-title":"Cost and availability of gluten-free food in the UK: In store and online","volume":"91","author":"Burden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/11\/714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:34:59Z","timestamp":1760211299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/11\/714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu8110714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8110714","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726956939.793551382","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]]}}}