{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:41:17Z","timestamp":1791906077688,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015R1A2A1A15054758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1A2A1A15054758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food insecurity is an ongoing public health issue and contributes to mental health status. We investigated whether food insecurity is associated with inadequate nutrient intake and whether it affects mental health indicators (perceived stress\/experience of depressive symptom\/suicidal ideation) and quality of life (QOL) among Koreans (n = 5862, 20\u201364 years) using data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2012\u20132013). Household food security status was categorized as \u201cfood-secure household\u201d, \u201cfood-insecure household without hunger\u201d, and \u201cfood-insecure household with hunger\u201d. Data on food insecurity, sociodemographic factors, nutrient intake, mental health indicators, and QOL were used. A logistic regression model was conducted to determine odds ratios (ORs) for psychological health. A greater proportion of food-insecure participants were nutritionally deficient compared with expectations of the 2015 Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. These deficiencies were generally higher in both \u201cfood-insecure household\u201d groups. Both \u201cfood-insecure household\u201d groups, particularly the \u201cfood-insecure household with hunger\u201d group showed significantly adverse mental health status (ORs: 1.52\u20133.83) and lower QOL (ORs: 1.49\u20133.92) than did the \u201cfood-secure household\u201d group before and after adjusting for sex, age, education, household income, smoking\/alcohol consumption, physical activity, marital status, and receiving food assistance. In conclusion, food insecurity may be significantly associated with adverse mental health indicators and decreased QOL in young\/middle-aged Koreans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1481885728000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Adverse Mental Health Indicators and Lower Quality of Life among Koreans: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012\u20132013"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hye-Kyung","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9262-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oh","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment, Health-Society Interaction, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonsu","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment, Health-Society Interaction, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment, Health-Society Interaction, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Jeong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment, Health-Society Interaction, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development, and World Food Programme The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015: Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-i4646e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003244","article-title":"Food insecurity is an ongoing national concern","volume":"4","author":"Gundersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/013\/al936e\/al936e00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Coleman-Jensen, A., Gregory, C., and Singh, A. Household food security in the United States in 2013, Available online: http:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/publications\/err-economic-research-report\/err173.aspx."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Household food insecurity and dietary intake in Korea: Results from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Food insecurity and malnutrition in Chinese elementary school students","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602210","article-title":"Obesity and household food insecurity: Evidence from a sample of rural households in Malaysia","volume":"59","author":"Shariff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"s62","article-title":"Household food insecurity, diabetes, and hypertension among Mexican adults: Results from Ensanut 2012","volume":"56","author":"Villalpando","year":"2014","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0192-6","article-title":"Food insecurity is associated with diabetes mellitus: Results from the National Health Examination and Nutritional Examination Survey 1999\u20132002","volume":"22","author":"Seligman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.117","article-title":"Child hunger and long-term adverse consequences for health","volume":"164","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0145","article-title":"Do our patients have enough to eat? Food insecurity among urban low-income cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Gany","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-015-0059-x","article-title":"Food insecurity in adults with mood disorders: Prevalence estimates and associations with nutritional and psychological health","volume":"14","author":"Davison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.199414","article-title":"Household food insecurity is positively associated with depression among low-income supplemental nutrition assistance program participants and income-eligible nonparticipants","volume":"145","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000313","article-title":"Food insecurity and health: Data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.08.003","article-title":"Does food insecurity at home affect non-cognitive performance at school? A longitudinal analysis of elementary student classroom behavior","volume":"30","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Econ. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.4.719","article-title":"Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents","volume":"132","author":"Alaimo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009993181","article-title":"Food insufficiency among HIV-infected crack-cocaine users in Atlanta and Miami","volume":"13","author":"Vogenthaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1200\/jop.2006.2.6.274","article-title":"Food insecurity among cancer patients in Kentucky: A pilot study","volume":"2","author":"Simmons","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.04.014","article-title":"Food insufficiency and women\u2019s mental health: Findings from a 3-year panel of welfare recipients","volume":"61","author":"Heflin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare Korea Health Statistics 2013: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), Available online: http:\/\/cdc.go.kr\/CDC\/cms\/content\/mobile\/14\/28314_view.html."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.5762\/KAIS.2012.13.5.2251","article-title":"Comparative analysis of unweighted sample design and complex sample design related to the exploration of potential risk factors of dysphonia","volume":"13","author":"Byeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korea Acad. Ind. Cooperation Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Rural Resources Development Institute (2006). Food Composition Table, Rural Resources Development Institute. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rural Resources Development Institute (2011). Food Composition Table, Rural Resources Development Institute. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare (2015). Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2011.16.6.771","article-title":"Validation of food security measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Community Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Validation and Reliability Evaluation for EQ-5D in Korea, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.go.kr\/CDC\/info\/CdcKrInfo0201.jsp?menuIds=HOME001-MNU1155-MNU1083-MNU1375-MNU0025%20&fid=28&q_valu=&cid=1742&pageNum=1."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4375","article-title":"Epidemiologic survey committee of the Korean Ophthalmological Society. Visual impairment of Korean population: Prevalence and impact on mental health","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306518","article-title":"Epidemiologic Survey Committee of the Korean Ophthalmological Society. Influence of visual acuity on suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and depression in South Korea","volume":"99","author":"Rim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S323","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.5.S323","article-title":"Gender differences in correlates of mental health among elderly Koreans","volume":"62","author":"Jeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.10.2.86","article-title":"Gender differences in health-related quality of life","volume":"10","author":"Kaplan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018790429573","article-title":"Age, gender and quality of life","volume":"34","author":"Mercier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/036107301300208691","article-title":"Effects of education on the quality of life, diet, and cardiovascular risk factors in an elderly Spanish community population","volume":"27","author":"Lasheras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt038","article-title":"Improved drinking behavior improves quality of life: A follow-up in alcohol-dependent subjects 7 years after treatment","volume":"48","author":"Frischknecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(03)00241-X","article-title":"The effect of exercise on physical fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women","volume":"47","author":"Teoman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0941","article-title":"Smoking cessation and quality of life: The effect of amount of smoking and time since quitting","volume":"33","author":"Mulder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maluccio, J.A., Palermo, T., Kadiyala, S., and Rawar, R. (2015). Improving health-related quality of life among people living with HIV: Results from an impact evaluation of a food assistance program in Uganda. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135879"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"35","article-title":"Marital status, gender, and subjective quality of life in Korea","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Ou, F., Gao, S., Gao, Q., Hu, L., and Liu, Y. (2015). Effect of low income on health-related quality of life: A cross-sectional study in northeast China. Asia Pac. J. Public Health, 27.","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513496839"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0583","article-title":"Mental health context of food insecurity: A representative cohort of families with young children","volume":"124","author":"Melchior","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.03.009","article-title":"The association of food security with psychological distress in New Zealand and any gender differences","volume":"72","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-010-9339-8","article-title":"Food insecurity and mental health: A pilot study of patients in a psychiatric emergency unit in Israel","volume":"47","author":"Grisaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.1005","article-title":"Participation in food assistance programs modifies the relation of food insecurity with weight and depression in elders","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2015.003962","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of food-insecure ethnic minority patients with cancer","volume":"11","author":"Gany","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0056-y","article-title":"Frequency of dairy consumption and functional disability in older persons","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.03.021","article-title":"Legumes and soy products consumption and functional disability in older women","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturita"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.07.011","article-title":"Dietary patterns and functional disability in older Korean adults","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932012000685","article-title":"Family food insecurity and nutritional risk in adolescents from a low-income area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development How\u2019s Life? 2015, Measuring Well-Being. Available online: http:\/\/www.ifutureo.org\/documentacion\/hows%20life%202015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD Fact Book 2013: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/economics\/oecd-factbook-2013_factbook-2013-en."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ministry of Health & Welfare The 1st National Nutrition Care\/Management in Korea, Available online: http:\/\/www.korea.kr\/archive\/expDocView.do?docId=32234."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ministry of Health & Welfare Elderly Care Service, Available online: http:\/\/www.129.go.kr\/info\/info04_view.jsp?n=51."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2013.18.1.1","article-title":"The effect of NutriPlus program among 1\u20135 years children in Daejeon Area-the improvement in nutritional status of children and nutrition knowledge and attitude of parents","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Community Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/12\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:44Z","timestamp":1760210924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/8\/12\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu8120819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8120819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}}}