{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:23:12Z","timestamp":1760217792948,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is scant information about whether, after a high-risk pregnancy, breast milk provides enough vitamins for assuring satisfactory bodily reserves in newborns. Objective: To comparatively evaluate, in women with high-risk and normal pregnancy, the concentration of retinol and \u03b1-tocopherol in breast milk. Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was evaluated with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Informed consent was signed by 95 mothers with a high-risk pregnancy and 32 mothers with a normal pregnancy. From the mothers with a high-risk pregnancy were obtained: 23 samples of colostrum, 24 of transitional milk, and 48 of mature milk. From the normal pregnancy group, 32 mature milk samples were collected. Pregestational Body Mass Index (BMI) and the gestational weight gain were noted. Models of logistic regression were constructed to identify the variables related to a low concentration of either retinol or \u03b1-tocopherol in breast milk. Results: The concentration of retinol and \u03b1-tocopherol in mature milk was 60 (interquartile range (IQR), 41\u201390) and 276 (103\u2013450) \u03bcg\/dL, respectively, for the high-risk pregnancy group, and 76 (65\u201391) and 673 (454\u2013866) \u00b5g\/dL, respectively, for the normal pregnancy group (p = 0.001). The concentration of retinol and \u03b1-tocopherol was similar in the subgroups of mothers with different disorders during gestation. A clear correlation was found between a greater pregestational weight and a lower concentration of retinol (Rho = \u20130.280, p = 0.006), and between \u03b1-tocopherol and retinol in all cases (Rho = 0.463, p = 0.001). Among women having a high-risk pregnancy, those delivering prematurely rather than carrying their pregnancy to term had a reduced concentration of retinol (54 (37\u201378) vs. 70 (49\u2013106) \u00b5g\/dL; p = 0.002) and a tendency to a lower concentration of \u03b1-tocopherol in breast milk (185 (75\u2013410) vs. 339 (160\u2013500) \u00b5g\/dL; p = 0.053). Compared to mothers with a normal pregnancy, those with a high-risk pregnancy (whether carried to term or ending in preterm delivery) exhibited a reduced concentration of retinol in mature milk (p = 0.003), as well as a tendency to a lower concentration of \u03b1-tocopherol (p = 0.054). Conclusion: Even though the women in the high-risk pregnancy group showed a deficiency of vitamins A and E in their breast milk, the unique biological benefits of this milk justify the promotion of breast feeding as the optimal method of nourishing neonates and infants. In these cases, it should be recommended that the woman increase her consumption of certain nutrients during pregnancy. Additionally, after childbirth mothers should consider the use of supplements to produce milk of adequate quality and thus meet the needs of the baby and prevent any deficiency in micronutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,2]],"date-time":"2017-01-02T09:54:18Z","timestamp":1483350858000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Retinol and \u03b1-Tocopherol in the Breast Milk of Women after a High-Risk Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyna","family":"S\u00e1mano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rojano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegaci\u00f3n Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Medicina Laboral, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos (InDRE) \u201cDr. Manuel Mart\u00ednez B\u00e1ez\u201d, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 01480, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Flores Quijano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Esp\u00edndola-Polis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n Humana, Universidad del Altiplano, Mirasol 1, Tlacomulco, Tlaxcala de Xicoht\u00e9ncatl CP. 90102, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Veruete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, campus Chapultepec Av. Constituyentes No. 151, Miguel Hidalgo, San Miguel Chapultepec I Secc, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico CP. 11850, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2010.02.013","article-title":"\u2018High-risk\u2019 pregnancy after perinatal loss: Understanding the label","volume":"27","author":"Simmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2269","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"311","author":"Aune","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Secretar\u00eda de Salud (2012). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrici\u00f3n 2012, Resultados Nacionales, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Report Brief (2009). Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0318-4","article-title":"Does gestational weight gain affect the risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes in overweight women?","volume":"15","author":"Langford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"235","article-title":"Oxidant\u2013antioxidant status in gestational diabetes patients","volume":"1","author":"Surapaneni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-0582201432214113","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol concentration in serum and colostrum of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Resende","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041308","article-title":"Vitamins A and E: Metabolism, roles and transfer to offspring","volume":"93","author":"Debier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302010000300023","article-title":"Vitamin A and gestational diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Lira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1009-9","article-title":"Serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein 4 in women with and without gestational diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Krzyzanowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520140164","article-title":"Dimenstein, R. Gestational diabetes: A risk of puerperal hypovitaminosis A?","volume":"87","author":"Resende","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x","article-title":"Long-term consequences of stunting in early life","volume":"7","author":"Dewey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.26719\/2002.8.2-3.272","article-title":"Nutritional stunting in Egypt: Which nutrient is responsible?","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2002","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.09.006","article-title":"Vitamin A, E, and D deficiencies in Tunisian very low birth weight neonates: Prevalence and risk factors","volume":"55","author":"Fares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissgerber, T.L., Gandley, R.E., McGee, P.L., Spong, C.Y., Myatt, L., Leveno, K.J., Thorp, J.M., Mercer, B.M., Peaceman, A.M., and Ramin, S.M. (2013). Haptoglobin phenotype, preeclampsia risk and the efficacy of vitamin C and E supplementation to prevent preeclampsia in a racially diverse population. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060479"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12288","article-title":"Haptoglobin phenotype, pre-eclampsia, and response to supplementation with vitamins C and E in pregnant women with type-1 diabetes","volume":"120","author":"Weissgerber","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.587060","article-title":"Rate of preterm birth in pregnant women with vitamin E treatment: A population-based study","volume":"25","author":"Nedeczky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v7.i1.14","article-title":"Complexity of vitamin E metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Birringer","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.044370","article-title":"Can we define an infant\u2019s need from the composition of human milk?","volume":"98","author":"Stam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"American College Obstetrician and Gynecologists Committee on Practice bulletin\u2013Obstetrics ACGO Practice Bulletin. Available online: http:\/\/c.ymcdn.com\/sites\/chronicdisease.site-ym.com\/resource\/resmgr\/Womens_Health_Council_GDM\/pb030_gestational_diabetes_r.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"American College Obstetrician and Gynecologists Committee on Practice bulletin\u2013Obstetrics ACGO Practice Bulletin. Available online: https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/116952914\/No-33-Diagnosis-and-Management-of-Preeclampsia-and-Eclampsia."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/46.4.345","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of five fat-soluble vitamins in feed by high-performance liquid chromatography following solid-phase extraction","volume":"46","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.60.9","article-title":"Vitamin A determination in milk sample based on the luminol-periodate chemiluminescence system","volume":"60","author":"Rish","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council) (2009). Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0439-5","article-title":"Effect of the stage of lactation in humans on carotenoid levels in milk, blood plasma and plasma lipoprotein fractions","volume":"43","author":"Schweigert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500404805","article-title":"Coenzyme Q concentration and total antioxidant capacity of human milk at different stages of lactation in mothers of preterm and full-term infants","volume":"40","author":"Quiles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/50.6.357","article-title":"Antioxidant micronutrient profile (Vitamin E, C, A, copper, zinc, iron) of colostrum: Association with maternal characteristics","volume":"50","author":"Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.10.007","article-title":"Longitudinal study of vitamins A, E and lipid oxidative damage in human milk throughout lactation","volume":"88","author":"Zagierski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"362","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol level in serum and colostrum of breastfeeding women and association with maternal variables","volume":"34","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.123","article-title":"The chemical composition of human milk from Inner Mongolia of China","volume":"127","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2012.00401.x","article-title":"Concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in human breast milk during the first months of lactation and in infant formulas","volume":"9","author":"Zagierski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292009000400006","article-title":"N\u00edveis de alfa-tocoferol no soro e leite maternos de pu\u00e9rperas atendidas em maternidade p\u00fablica de Natal","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rio Grande do Norte Rev. Bras. Saude. Matern. Infant."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.51.239","article-title":"Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of breast milk from Japanese women","volume":"5","author":"Sakurai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.179788","article-title":"Breast milk retinol and plasma retinol-binding protein concentrations provide similar estimates of vitamin A deficiency prevalence and identify similar risk groups among women in Cameroon but breast milk retinol underestimates the prevalence of deficiency among young children","volume":"144","author":"Haskell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.229708","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-vitamin A Review","volume":"146","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-006-0161-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the vitamin status in nursing women by vitamin content in breast milk","volume":"141","author":"Kodentsova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.53.257","article-title":"Determination of fat-soluble vitamins in human plasma, breast milk, and food samples: Application in nutrition survey for establishment of \u201cDietary Reference Intakes for Japanese\u201d","volume":"53","author":"Kamao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01437.x","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of human milk and its association with vitamins A and E and fatty acid composition","volume":"98","author":"Innis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0129-4","article-title":"Breast milk tocopherol content during the first six months in exclusively breastfeeding Greek women","volume":"50","author":"Antonakou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2011.0058","article-title":"Maternal smoking does not influence vitamin A and E concentrations in mature breastmilk","volume":"7","author":"Zagierski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bauernfeind, J. (1986). Vitamin A deficiency and Its Control, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.166454","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is detected by the modified relative dose-response test in six-month-old Senegalese breast-fed infants","volume":"142","author":"Kwadjode","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5251\/ajfn.2012.2.1.14.20","article-title":"Vitamin A and iron deficiency in pregnant women, lactating mothers and their infants in Adamawa State, Nigeria: A prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Tyndall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.10.011","article-title":"Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in the milk of lactating adolescents and relationships with plasma concentrations","volume":"24","author":"Azeredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200701539171","article-title":"Retinol and \u03b1-tocopherol concentrations in breast milk of Turkish lactating mothers under different socio-economic status","volume":"59","author":"Tokusoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(07)76013-2","article-title":"Vitamin E during pre- and postnatal periods","volume":"76","author":"Debier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-008-7311-7","article-title":"Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in human milk and formula milk from Hungary","volume":"279","author":"Majchrzak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radioanalytical Nuclear Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21195","article-title":"Vitamin A Dynamics in breastmilk and liver stores: A life history perspective","volume":"23","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00376.x","article-title":"Correlation of vitamin A nutritional status on alpha-tocopherol in the colostrum of lactating women","volume":"9","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000477","article-title":"\u03b1-tocopherol in breast milk of women with preterm delivery after a single postpartum oral dose of vitamin E","volume":"115","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"605","article-title":"Vitamin E in human from mothers of preterm and term infants","volume":"6","author":"Haug","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334408316085","article-title":"Nutrient composition of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low mothers of very low birth weight infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation","volume":"24","author":"Bishara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822013000400009","article-title":"Influence of prematurity and birth weight on the concentration of \u03b1-tocopherol in colostrum milk","volume":"31","author":"Grilo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3404-4","article-title":"Vitamin A concentration in human milk and its relationship with liver reserve formation and compliance with the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in preterm and full term infants in exclusive breastfeeding","volume":"291","author":"Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.10.006","article-title":"Trend of nutritional support in preterm infants","volume":"57","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.094920","article-title":"First-trimester plasma tocopherols are associated with risk of miscarriage in rural Bangladesh","volume":"101","author":"Shamim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.027","article-title":"The association between maternal antioxidant levels in midpregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"213","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"563","article-title":"Serum vitamin A status is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome among school-age children in Chongqing, China","volume":"25","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21617","article-title":"Maternal diet, gestational weight gain, and inflammatory markers during pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Hrolfsdottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86612","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86612","article-title":"Maternal obesity reduces oxidative capacity in fetal skeletal muscle of Japanese macaques","volume":"1","author":"McCurdy","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2014.04.006","article-title":"Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: A literature review","volume":"90","author":"Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.06.003","article-title":"Retinol and alpha-tocopherol in the colostrum of lactating Tunisian women delivering prematurely: Associations with maternal characteristics","volume":"57","author":"Fares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2005.10.008","article-title":"Present knowledge and unexpected behaviors of vitamins A and E in colostrum and milk","volume":"98","author":"Debier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liviest. Prod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:25:19Z","timestamp":1760207119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu9010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}}}