{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:14:35Z","timestamp":1793254475750,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medela AG, Switzerland","award":["Unrestricted research grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted research grant"]}]},{"name":"The University of Western Australia","award":["Australian Postgraduate Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Australian Postgraduate Award"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human milk (HM) components influence infant feeding patterns and nutrient intake, yet it is unclear how they influence gastric emptying (GE), a key component of appetite regulation. This study analyzed GE of a single breastfeed, HM appetite hormones\/macronutrients and demographics\/anthropometrics\/body composition of term fully breastfed infants (n = 41, 2 and\/or 5 mo). Stomach volumes (SV) were calculated from pre-\/post-feed ultrasound scans, then repeatedly until the next feed. Feed volume (FV) was measured by the test-weigh method. HM samples were analyzed for adiponectin, leptin, fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, lysozyme, and total\/whey\/casein protein. Linear regression\/mixed effect models were used to determine associations between GE\/feed variables and HM components\/infant anthropometrics\/adiposity. Higher FVs were associated with faster (\u22120.07 [\u22120.10, \u22120.03], p &lt; 0.001) GE rate, higher post-feed SVs (0.82 [0.53, 1.12], p &lt; 0.001), and longer GE times (0.24 [0.03, 0.46], p = 0.033). Higher whey protein concentration was associated with higher post-feed SVs (4.99 [0.84, 9.13], p = 0.023). Longer GE time was associated with higher adiponectin concentration (2.29 [0.92, 3.66], p = 0.002) and dose (0.02 [0.01, 0.03], p = 0.005), and lower casein:whey ratio (\u221265.89 [\u2212107.13, \u22122.66], p = 0.003). FV and HM composition influence GE and breastfeeding patterns in term breastfed infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1482924134000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoya","family":"Gridneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sambavi","family":"Kugananthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Tie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9025-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Geddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334412474371","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease: The role of human milk in preventing disease in the 21(st) century","volume":"29","author":"Geddes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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