{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:03:55Z","timestamp":1791594235179,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease (CD). There is a general consensus that strict GFD adherence in CD patients leads to full clinical and histological remission accompanied by improvement in quality of life and reduced long-term complications. Despite the importance of monitoring the GFD, there are no clear guidelines for assessing the outcome or for exploring its adherence. Available methods are insufficiently accurate to identify occasional gluten exposure that may cause intestinal mucosal damage. Serological tests are highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis, but do not predict recovery and are not useful for follow-up. The use of serial endoscopies, it is invasive and impractical for frequent monitoring, and dietary interview can be subjective. Therefore, the detection of gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in feces and urine have been proposed as new non-invasive biomarkers to detect gluten intake and verify GFD compliance in CD patients. These simple immunoassays in human samples could overcome some key unresolved scientific and clinical problems in CD management. It is a significant advance that opens up new possibilities for the clinicians to evaluate the CD treatment, GFD compliance, and improvement in the quality of life of CD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T10:08:12Z","timestamp":1483697292000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Biomarkers to Monitor Gluten-Free Diet Compliance in Celiac Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gastroenterolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Hispalense de Pediatr\u00eda, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Comino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0582","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Immunopathogenesis of celiac disease","volume":"3","author":"Jabri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758560","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/758560","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"2012","author":"Makharia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346","article-title":"The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms","volume":"62","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.09.016","article-title":"Developing strategies to improve the quality of life of patients with gluten intolerance in patients with and without coeliac disease","volume":"23","author":"Bernardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2013.04.016","article-title":"Intentional and inadvertent non-adherence in adult coeliac disease. A cross-sectional survey","volume":"68","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578","article-title":"BSG Coeliac Disease Guidelines Development Group and British Society of Gastroenterology. Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: Guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology","volume":"63","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.112283000.x","article-title":"Long-term eff ect of gluten restriction on bone mineral density of patients with coeliac disease","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9976-0","article-title":"Long-term fracture risk in patients with celiac disease: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"53","author":"Jafri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i25.3035","article-title":"Risk of fracture in celiac disease: Gender, dietary compliance, or both?","volume":"17","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200204000-00016","article-title":"Low serum vitamin B12 is common in coeliac disease and is not due to autoimmune gastritis","volume":"14","author":"Dickey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181354294","article-title":"Copper deficiency in celiac disease","volume":"43","author":"Halfdanarson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius, International Food Standars Standard for Foods for Special Dietary Use for Persons Intolerant to Gluten CODEX STAN 118-1979. Available online: http:\/\/www.codexalimentarius.net."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-016-0512-2","article-title":"Immunogenetic pathogenesis of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity","volume":"18","author":"Bernardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.156","article-title":"Practical insights into gluten-free diets","volume":"12","author":"See","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.98","article-title":"Coeliac disease and gluten-related disorders in childhood","volume":"12","author":"Vriezinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000066757","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of celiac adults on gluten-free diet: Prevalence and correlates of intestinal damage","volume":"66","author":"Ciacci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310003318","article-title":"Better dietary compliance in patients with coeliac disease diagnosed in early childhood","volume":"38","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.02.025","article-title":"Follow-up of patients with celiac disease: Achieving compliance with treatment","volume":"128","author":"Pietzak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.05.007","article-title":"Patients with celiac disease are not followed up adequately","volume":"10","author":"Herman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1999.0029900297","article-title":"Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease. SIGEP study group for autoimmune disorders in celiac disease","volume":"117","author":"Ventura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05554-4","article-title":"Mortality in patients with coeliac disease and their relatives: A cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Corrao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310004515","article-title":"Risk of duodenal adenoma in celiac disease","volume":"38","author":"Rampertab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2005.05.065","article-title":"Celiac disease and risk of adverse fetal outcome: A population-based cohort study","volume":"129","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f3327c","article-title":"Parental celiac disease and offspring sex ratio","volume":"21","author":"Khashan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12164","article-title":"Mucosal healing and mortality in coeliac disease","volume":"37","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-9952-8","article-title":"Collaborating Centers of the Italian Registry of the Complications of Coeliac Disease. Effect of a gluten-free diet on the risk of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in celiac disease","volume":"53","author":"Silano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digest Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2011.07.012","article-title":"Coeliac disease characteristics, compliance to a gluten free diet and risk of lymphoma by subtype","volume":"43","author":"Askling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digest Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.12.006","article-title":"Etiologies and predictors of diagnosis in nonresponsive celiac disease","volume":"5","author":"Leffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.019","article-title":"The prevalence of plant food allergies: A systematic review","volume":"121","author":"Zuidmeer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: Consensus on new nomenclature and classification","volume":"7","author":"Sapone","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.04.006","article-title":"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: A work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders","volume":"29","author":"Volta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31827a6f83","article-title":"World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines on Celiac Disease","volume":"47","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.11.033","article-title":"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in patients with celiac disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12510","article-title":"Optimising delivery of care in coeliac disease -comparison of the benefits of repeat biopsy and serological follow-up","volume":"38","author":"Sharkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e4hdeaho, M.L., M\u00e4ki, M., Laurila, K., Huhtala, H., and Kaukinen, K. (2011). Small-bowel mucosal changes and antibody responses after low- and moderate-dose gluten challenge in celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-129"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000004530.11738.a2","article-title":"Self-rated quality of life in celiac disease","volume":"48","author":"Ciacci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31816a8c9b","article-title":"Psychological correlates of gluten-free diet adherence in adults with celiac disease","volume":"43","author":"Leffler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283267941","article-title":"Dietary compliance and health-related quality of life in patients with coeliac disease","volume":"21","author":"Hopman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.12.032","article-title":"A simple validated gluten-free diet adherence survey for adults with celiac disease","volume":"7","author":"Leffler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-010-0092-3","article-title":"Assessment of dietary compliance to gluten free diet and psychosocial problems in Indian children with celiac disease","volume":"77","author":"Chauhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.01.026","article-title":"Measuring beliefs about gluten free diet adherence in adult coeliac disease using the theory of planned behaviour","volume":"56","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302196","article-title":"Kinetics of the histological, serological and symptomatic responses to gluten challenge in adults with coeliac disease","volume":"62","author":"Leffler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.439","article-title":"Fecal gluten peptides reveal limitations of serological tests and food questionnaires for monitoring gluten-free diet in celiac disease patients","volume":"111","author":"Comino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0","article-title":"ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis; ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee; European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease","volume":"54","author":"Husby","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91819-P","article-title":"Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (\u2018celiac sprue\u2019)","volume":"102","author":"Marsh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199910000-00019","article-title":"The histopathology of coeliac disease: Time for a standardised report scheme for pathologist","volume":"11","author":"Oberhuber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.023978","article-title":"Coeliac disease some considerations on the histological diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Corazza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.5858\/134.6.826","article-title":"Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease): Controversies in diagnosis and classification","volume":"134","author":"Ensari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"306","article-title":"What is the best histopathological classification for celiac disease? Does it matter? A letter of comment to the review of Amado Salvador Pena; a new proposal","volume":"8","author":"Villanacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"73","article-title":"Coeliac disease: To classify or not to classify-that is the question!","volume":"9","author":"Ensari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.09.022","article-title":"The histological classification of biopsy in celiac disease: Time for a change","volume":"47","author":"Villanacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"239","article-title":"What is the best histopathological classification for celiac disease? Does it matter?","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.09.030","article-title":"Degree of damage to the small bowel and serum antibody titers correlate with clinical presentation of patients with celiac disease","volume":"11","author":"Taavela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.12691\/ijcd-4-1-2","article-title":"Counting Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometer are necessary new steps in the diagnosis of celiac disease","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Celiac Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3414-x","article-title":"Distal duodenum versus duodenal bulb: Intraepithelial lymphocytes have something to say in celiac disease diagnosis","volume":"60","author":"Camarero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f16a4b","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in the diagnosis of refractory celiac sprue","volume":"20","author":"Santon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000062997.16339.47","article-title":"Coeliac disease: A progress report","volume":"6","author":"Antonioli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.12691\/ijcd-3-4-7","article-title":"Validity of intraepithelial lymphocyte count in the diagnosis of celiac disease: A histopathological study","volume":"3","author":"Siriweera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Celiac Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.5.1043","article-title":"Approaches to establish thresholds for major food allergens and for gluten in food","volume":"71","author":"Buchanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.220","article-title":"Persistent duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis despite a long-term strict gluten-free diet in celiac disease","volume":"107","author":"Tuire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"38","article-title":"Serologic testing in celiac disease","volume":"62","author":"Rashid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.79","article-title":"American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"108","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01479129","article-title":"Diagnostic value of the demonstration of gliadin antibodies in celiac disease","volume":"42","author":"Berger","year":"1964","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000371405","article-title":"Serum markers in the clinical management of celiac disease","volume":"33","author":"Adriaanse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03311.x","article-title":"Persistent small bowel mucosal villous atrophy without symptoms in coeliac disease","volume":"25","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200203000-00017","article-title":"IgA-class transglutaminase antibodies in evaluating the efficacy of gluten-free diet in coeliac disease","volume":"14","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200311000-00007","article-title":"Lack of usefulness of anti-transglutaminase antibodies in assessing histologic recovery after gluten-free diet in celiac disease","volume":"37","author":"Tursi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02621.x","article-title":"Coeliac disease: A histological follow-up study","volume":"50","author":"Bardella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03992.x","article-title":"Complete recovery of intestinal mucosa occurs very rarely in adult coeliac patients despite adherence to gluten-free diet","volume":"29","author":"Lanzini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.10","article-title":"Mucosal recovery and mortality in adults with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet","volume":"105","author":"Rahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2574-0","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in long-term follow-up of patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet","volume":"50","author":"Duerksen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181cadbc0","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin concentration in celiac disease","volume":"44","author":"Ertekin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2011.04.004","article-title":"Regenerating gene I\u03b1 is a biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease: A preliminary study","volume":"158","author":"Planas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.236398","article-title":"Plasma alkylresorcinols reflect gluten intake and distinguish between gluten-rich and gluten-poor diets in a population at risk of metabolic syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Lind","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.4318\/tjg.2012.0366","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin concentration is increased in children with celiac disease: Relation with histopathological findings","volume":"23","author":"Baysoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i2.611","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin in coeliac disease","volume":"20","author":"Capone","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0813-5","article-title":"A comparison of antibody testing, permeability testing, and zonulin levels with small-bowel biopsy in celiac disease patients on a gluten-free diet","volume":"55","author":"Duerksen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laass, M.W., R\u00f6ber, N., Range, U., No\u00df, L., Roggenbuck, D., and Conrad, K. (2015). Loss and gain of tolerance to pancreatic glycoprotein 2 in celiac disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128104"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2014-0238","article-title":"Evidence of Crohn\u2019s disease-related anti-glycoprotein 2 antibodies in patients with celiac disease","volume":"53","author":"Roggenbuck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-014-0752-9","article-title":"Metabolomics as a tool for diagnosis and monitoring in coeliac disease","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800548z","article-title":"The metabonomic signature of celiac disease","volume":"8","author":"Bertini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100896s","article-title":"Are patients with potential celiac disease really potential? The answer of metabonomics","volume":"10","author":"Bernini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925178","article-title":"Endoscopic and histological findings in the duodenum of adults with celiac disease before and after changing to a gluten-free diet: A 2-year prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Tursi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00062.x","article-title":"A milligram of gluten a day keeps the mucosal recovery away: A case report","volume":"62","author":"Biagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.030","article-title":"Comparative usefulness of deamidated gliadin antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease","volume":"6","author":"Rashtak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04039.x","article-title":"Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the follow-up of adult coeliac disease","volume":"30","author":"Dipper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31827874e3","article-title":"Biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease","volume":"47","author":"Takasawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejo-Diez, S., Bernardo, D., Moreno, M.L., Mu\u00f1oz-Suano, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Salazar, L., Calvo, C., Sousa, C., Garrote, J.A., Cebolla, A., and Arranz, E. (2013). Detection of specific IgA antibodies against a novel deamidated 8-Mer gliadin peptide in blood plasma samples from celiac patients. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080982"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x","article-title":"Review article: Safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease","volume":"23","author":"Hischenhuber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03669.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease","volume":"27","author":"Akobeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074129","article-title":"Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue","volume":"297","author":"Shan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor\u00f3n, B., Bethune, M.T., Comino, I., Manyani, H., Ferragud, M., L\u00f3pez, M.C., Cebolla, A., Khosla, C., and Sousa, C. (2008). Toward the assessment of food toxicity for celiac patients: Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to a main immunogenic gluten peptide. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002294"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.405","article-title":"Sensitive detection of cereal fractions that are toxic to celiac disease patients by using monoclonal antibodies to a main immunogenic wheat peptide","volume":"87","author":"Cebolla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5830","article-title":"Immunological determination of gliadin 33-mer equivalent peptides in beers as a specific and practical analytical method to assess safety for celiac patients","volume":"93","author":"Comino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.SGE_Halbmayr-Jech","article-title":"Characterization of G12 sandwich ELISA, a next-generation immunoassay for gluten toxicity","volume":"95","author":"Hammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Real, A., Comino, I., Moreno Mde, L., L\u00f3pez-Casado, M.\u00c1., Lorite, P., Torres, M.I., Cebolla, \u00c1., and Sousa, C. (2014). Identification and in vitro reactivity of celiac immunoactive peptides in an apparent gluten-free beer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100917"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.02.066","article-title":"Selective capture of most celiac immunogenic peptides from hydrolyzed gluten proteins","volume":"205","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.026708","article-title":"Monitoring of gluten-free diet compliance in celiac patients by assessment of gliadin 33-mer equivalent epitopes in feces","volume":"95","author":"Comino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.032888","article-title":"An innovative approach to measure compliance to a gluten-free diet","volume":"95","author":"Auricchio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0214-3","article-title":"A gluten metabolism study in healthy individuals shows the presence of faecal glutenasic activity","volume":"51","author":"Caminero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Polanco, I. (2008). Libro Blanco de la Enfermedad Celiaca, Espa\u00f1a."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02379.x","article-title":"Clinical management of coeliac disease","volume":"269","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, M.L., Cebolla, \u00c1., Mu\u00f1oz-Suano, A., Carrillo-Carrion, C., Comino, I., Pizarro, \u00c1., Le\u00f3n, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Herrera, A., and Sousa, C. (2015). Detection of gluten immunogenic peptides in the urine of patients with coeliac disease reveals transgressions in the gluten-free diet and incomplete mucosal healing. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310148"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-012-0951-x","article-title":"Celiac disease: A challenging disease for pharmaceutical scientists","volume":"30","author":"Matoori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04972.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Coeliac disease and the risk of all-cause mortality, any malignancy and lymphoid malignancy","volume":"35","author":"Tio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.06.005","article-title":"Celiac disease: Advances in treatment via gluten modification","volume":"10","author":"Stoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.097","article-title":"Label-free SPR detection of gluten peptides in urine for non-invasive celiac disease follow-up","volume":"79","author":"Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/1\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:25:38Z","timestamp":1760207138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/1\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu9010046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9010046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]}}}