{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:39:21Z","timestamp":1794029961903,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014803","name":"EFSA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFT\/EFSA\/DCM\/2012\/01\/CT05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFT\/EFSA\/DCM\/2012\/01\/CT05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population in Spain (ENALIA) provides data to assess the usual micronutrient intake among Spanish infants, children, and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional survey (November 2012\u2013July 2014) of a representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents (six months\u201317 years) (n = 1862). Dietary information was collected using two non-consecutive one-day food diaries (six months\u201310 years old) or two 24 h dietary recalls (11 years and older) separated by at least 14 days. Estimates were calculated using the Iowa State University method and PC-SIDE software (version 1.0, department of statistics, center for agricultural and rural development, Ames, IA, USA) to account for within- and between-person variation. Results: Usual intake of vitamin D was insufficient in practically all individuals. Vitamin E, folate, and calcium were insufficient, especially from nine years of age, and magnesium and iodine from 14 years of age. The percentage of subjects with insufficient intakes was higher among females. Sodium intake was excessive in a considerable percentage of the population, especially in males, and it increased with age. Finally, over half of children under four years of age had zinc usual intakes that exceeded the Tolerable Upper Level. Conclusion: Vitamin and mineral intake in Spain should be improved, especially in late childhood and adolescence. Nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating habits and correct micronutrient inadequacies in Spanish children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Adequacy of Usual Vitamin and Mineral Intake in Spanish Children and Adolescents: ENALIA Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"L\u00f3pez-Sobaler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ar\u00e1nzazu","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid 28691, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Cuadrado-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefa","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Sanchidri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napole\u00f3n","family":"P\u00e9rez-Farin\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Dal Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Castrodeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, C\/Alcal\u00e1 56, Madrid 28071, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORNUT Research Group, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0978-y","article-title":"Energy and macronutrient intakes and adherence to dietary guidelines of infants and toddlers in Belgium","volume":"55","author":"Huysentruyt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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