{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:22:02Z","timestamp":1792300922742,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated protein catabolism and protein malnutrition are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end\u2010stage renal disease (ESRD). The underlying etiology includes, but is not limited to, metabolic acidosis intestinal dysbiosis; systemic inflammation with activation of complements, endothelin\u20101 and renin\u2010angiotensin\u2010aldosterone (RAAS) axis; anabolic hormone resistance; energy expenditure elevation; and uremic toxin accumulation. All of these derangements can further worsen kidney function, leading to poor patient outcomes. Many of these CKD\u2010related derangements can be prevented and substantially reversed, representing an area of great potential to improve CKD and ESRD care. This review integrates known information and recent advances in the area of protein nutrition and malnutrition in CKD and ESRD. Management recommendations are summarized. Thorough understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of protein malnutrition in CKD and ESRD patients will undoubtedly facilitate the design and development of more effective strategies to optimize protein nutrition and improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1488193220000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":251,"title":["Protein Nutrition and Malnutrition in CKD and  ESRD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Guizhou 550002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv427","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease prevalence in the general population: Heterogeneity and concerns","volume":"31","author":"Zoccali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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