{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:08:52Z","timestamp":1788520132412,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess whether Ginsenoside  Rg1  (Rg1) inhibits inflammatory  responses in  human  chondrocytes  and  reduces articular cartilage damage in a rat  model  of  osteoarthritis (OA). Gene expression and protein levels of type II collagen, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)\u201013 and cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102) were determined in vitro by quantitative real\u2010time\u2010polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) amounts in the culture medium were determined  by  enzyme\u2010linked  immunosorbent  assay  (ELISA). For in vivo assessment, a rat model of OA was generated by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Four weeks after ACLT, Rg1 (30 or 60 mg\/kg) or saline was administered by gavage once a day for eight consecutive weeks. Joint damage was analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited Interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2\u2010induced chondrocyte gene and protein expressions of MMP\u201013, COX\u20102 and  PGE2, and prevented type  II collagen  and  aggrecan degradation, in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Administration of Ginsenoside Rg1 to OA rats attenuated cartilage degeneration, and reduced type II collagen loss and MMP\u201013 levels.  These findings demonstrated that Ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes in vitro and reduce articular cartilage damage in vivo, confirming the potential therapeutic value of Ginsenoside Rg1 in OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T09:39:55Z","timestamp":1489138795000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Chondroprotective\u00a0Effects\u00a0of\u00a0Ginsenoside\u00a0Rg1\u00a0in\u00a0 Human\u00a0Osteoarthritis\u00a0Chondrocytes\u00a0and\u00a0a\u00a0Rat\u00a0Model\u00a0 of\u00a0Anterior\u00a0Cruciate\u00a0Ligament\u00a0Transection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wendan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Lu\u2019an People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Lu\u2019an 237000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juehua","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Peoples Hospital of Luhe Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical Academy, Nanjing 211500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1990-6","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 prevents interleukin-1 beta induced inflammation and apoptosis in human articular chondrocytes","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlier, E., Relic, B., Deroyer, C., Malaise, O., Neuville, S., Collee, J., Malaise, M.G., and De Seny, D. (2016). Insights on Molecular Mechanisms of Chondrocytes Death in Osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122146"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00156-0","article-title":"Influence of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4) cytokines on chondrocyte function","volume":"11","author":"Schuerwegh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.5082","article-title":"Abramson, Prostaglandin E2 exerts catabolic effects in osteoarthritis cartilage: Evidence for signaling via the EP4 receptor","volume":"181","author":"Attur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"283","article-title":"Ginsenoside Ro suppresses interleukin-1beta-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rat chondrocytes by inhibiting NF-kappaB","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(03)00134-3","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandins in articular tissues","volume":"33","author":"Pelletier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2443","article-title":"Mori folium inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK in SW1353 human chondrocytes","volume":"37","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002579","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1, a novel glucocorticoid receptor agonist of plant origin, maintains glucocorticoid efficacy with reduced side effects","volume":"187","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2174\/157016109788340767","article-title":"Ginseng compounds: An update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.06.030","article-title":"Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic cells stressed with glutamate","volume":"1021","author":"Radad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4914","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on neural progenitor cells against oxidative injury","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.04.006","article-title":"A UPLC\/MS-based metabolomics investigation of the protective effect of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 in mice with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2035-1","article-title":"Protection of ginsenoside Rg1 on chondrocyte from IL-1beta-induced mitochondria-activated apoptosis through PI3K\/Akt signaling","volume":"392","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2120","article-title":"Forced mobilization accelerates pathogenesis: Characterization of a preclinical surgical model of osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Appleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.08.002","article-title":"Rebamipide attenuates pain severity and cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis by downregulating oxidative damage and catabolic activity in chondrocytes","volume":"20","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(92)90057-X","article-title":"Recent advances on ginseng research in China","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.838","article-title":"Determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) using high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp\/61.03.0014","article-title":"Active absorption of ginsenoside Rg1 in vitro and in vivo: The role of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1","volume":"61","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.011","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and its metabolites ginsenoside Rh1 and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol in mice with TNBS-induced colitis","volume":"762","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0997-y","article-title":"E2 regulates MMP-13 via targeting miR-140 in IL-1beta-induced extracellular matrix degradation in human chondrocytes","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2016.10.3.265","article-title":"Effect of Hijikia fusiforme extracts on degenerative osteoarthritis in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474-9728.2002.00008.x","article-title":"The role of chondrocyte senescence in osteoarthritis","volume":"1","author":"Price","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6191","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.12.6191","article-title":"Senescence as a consequence of ginsenoside rg1 response on k562 human leukemia cell line","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2012.1604","article-title":"Chronic treatment with ginsenoside Rg3 induces Akt-dependent senescence in human glioma cells","volume":"41","author":"Sin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001103900418","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances endothelial progenitor cell angiogenic potency and prevents senescence in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.3.253","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 delays tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced premature senescence in human WI-38 diploid fibroblast cells","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"10902","article-title":"Celecoxib can suppress expression of genes associated with PGE2 pathway in chondrocytes under inflammatory conditions","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.015","article-title":"Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in chondrocytes by avocado soybean unsaponifiables and epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"18","author":"Heinecke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"293","article-title":"Effects of glucosamine hydrochloride on the production of prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide and metalloproteases by chondrocytes and synoviocytes in osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"Nakamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.07.007","article-title":"Non-destructive evaluation of articular cartilage defects using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in osteoarthritic rat models and its direct relation to Mankin score","volume":"20","author":"Afara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.05.012","article-title":"Glucosamine sulfate reduces experimental osteoarthritis and nociception in rats: Association with changes of mitogen-activated protein kinase in chondrocytes","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.02.015","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of glucosamine on an experimental rat osteoarthritis model","volume":"86","author":"Naito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.08.007","article-title":"Characterization of articular cartilage and subchondral bone changes in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection and meniscectomized models of osteoarthritis","volume":"38","author":"Hayami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2000.0390","article-title":"Type II collagen degradation in articular cartilage fibrillation after anterior cruciate ligament transection in rats","volume":"9","author":"Stoop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2007.06.005","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts estrogen-like activities via ligand-independent activation of ERalpha pathway","volume":"108","author":"Lau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.11.003","article-title":"Ginsenosides may reverse the dexamethasone-induced down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"140","author":"Ling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.8.8717","article-title":"Estrogen-like activity of ginsenoside Rg1 derived from Panax notoginseng","volume":"87","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/3\/263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:30:10Z","timestamp":1760207410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/3\/263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu9030263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9030263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]]}}}