{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T23:39:43Z","timestamp":1778715583123,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Choline is essential for infant development. Human milk choline is predominately present in three water-soluble choline (WSC) forms: free choline (FC), phosphocholine (PhosC), and glycerophosphocholine (GPC). It is unclear whether mother\u2019s own preterm milk and pooled donor milk differ in WSC composition and whether WSC compounds are interrelated. Mother\u2019s own preterm milk (n = 75) and donor milk (n = 30) samples from the neonatal intensive care unit, BC Women\u2019s Hospital were analyzed for WSC composition using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). Associations between different WSC compounds were determined using Pearson\u2019s correlations, followed by Fischer r-to-z transformation. Total WSC concentration and concentrations of FC, PhosC, and GPC did not significantly differ between mother\u2019s own milk and donor milk. FC was negatively associated with PhosC and GPC in mother\u2019s own milk (r = \u22120.27, p = 0.02; r = \u22120.34, p = 0.003, respectively), but not in donor milk (r = 0.26, p = 0.181 r = 0.37, p = 0.062, respectively). The difference in these associations between the two milk groups were statistically significant (p = 0.03 for the association between PhosC and FC; and p = 0.003 for the association between FC and GPC). PhosC and GPC were positively associated in mother\u2019s own milk (r = 0.32, p = 0.036) but not donor milk (r = 0.36, p = 0.062), although the difference in correlation was not statistically significant. The metabolic and clinical implications of these associations on the preterm infant need to be further elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T10:49:53Z","timestamp":1491562193000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Relationships among Different Water-Soluble Choline Compounds Differ between Human Preterm and Donor Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Moukarzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, Health Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynda","family":"Soberanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger A.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Albersheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajavel","family":"Elango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada"},{"name":"Origins of Child Health and Disease, Healthy Starts, BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila M.","family":"Innis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neonatology, BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate OBV, and Choline (1998). 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