{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:10:16Z","timestamp":1783440616715,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":295,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]],"date-time":"2017-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of dialysis and diet can be viewed as a series of battles waged against potential threats to patients\u2019 lives. In the early years of dialysis, potassium was identified as \u201cthe killer\u201d, and the lists patients were given of forbidden foods included most plant-derived nourishment. As soon as dialysis became more efficient and survival increased, hyperphosphatemia, was identified as the enemy, generating an even longer list of banned aliments. Conversely, the \u201cthird era\u201d finds us combating protein-energy wasting. This review discusses four questions and four paradoxes, regarding the diet-dialysis dyad: are the \u201cmagic numbers\u201d of nutritional requirements (calories: 30\u201335 kcal\/kg; proteins &gt; 1.2 g\/kg) still valid? Are the guidelines based on the metabolic needs of patients on \u201cconventional\u201d thrice-weekly bicarbonate dialysis applicable to different dialysis schedules, including daily dialysis or haemodiafiltration? The quantity of phosphate and potassium contained in processed and preserved foods may be significantly different from those in untreated foods: what are we eating? Is malnutrition one condition or a combination of conditions? The paradoxes: obesity is associated with higher survival in dialysis, losing weight is associated with mortality, but high BMI is a contraindication for kidney transplantation; it is difficult to limit phosphate intake when a patient is on a high-protein diet, such as the ones usually prescribed on dialysis; low serum albumin is associated with low dialysis efficiency and reduced survival, but on haemodiafiltration, high efficiency is coupled with albumin losses; banning plant derived food may limit consumption of \u201cvascular healthy\u201d food in a vulnerable population. Tailored approaches and agreed practices are needed so that we can identify attainable goals and pursue them in our fragile haemodialysis populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T02:39:17Z","timestamp":1492051157000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Diet and Haemodialysis Dyad: Three Eras, Four Open Questions and Four Paradoxes. A Narrative Review, Towards a Personalized, Patient-Centered Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgina","family":"Piccoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, University of Torino, 10100 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrologie, Centre Hospitalier le Mans, Avenue Roubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Moio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrologie, Centre Hospitalier le Mans, Avenue Roubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antioco","family":"Fois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nefrologia, Ospedale Brotzu, 09100 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Sofronie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrologie, Centre Hospitalier le Mans, Avenue Roubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lurlinys","family":"Gendrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrologie, Centre Hospitalier le Mans, Avenue Roubillard, 72000 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1145-7404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranca","family":"Cabiddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nefrologia, Ospedale Brotzu, 09100 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nefrologia, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamasco","family":"Cupisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nefrologia, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170210056009","article-title":"Causes of death in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis","volume":"212","author":"Siddiqui","year":"1970","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(90)90201-A","article-title":"Emergencies in continuous dialysis patients: Diagnosis and management","volume":"8","author":"Cloonan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. 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