{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:15:15Z","timestamp":1764782115565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State General Administration of Sport of China","award":["2012B006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012B006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To examine the effects of commercially available sports beverages with various components on substrate metabolism and subsequent performance. Methods: Two studies were conducted in a double-blinded, counterbalanced manner. Study I was designed to determine the glycemic index, while study II determined the utilization of substrates and subsequent exercise performance. Ten healthy male participants (age 21.70 \u00b1 2.41 years, height 176.60 \u00b1 5.23 cm, weight 66.58 \u00b1 5.38 kg, V\u0307O2max 48.1 \u00b1 8.4 mL\/kg\/min) participated in both study I and study II. Three types of commercially available sports beverage powders were used. The powders consisted primarily of oligosaccharides (low molecular weight carbohydrates, L-CHO), hydrolyzed starch (high molecular weight CHO, H-CHO), and whey protein powder with carbohydrate (CHO-PRO). They were dissolved in purified water with identical CHO concentration of 8% (w\/v). In study I, each participant underwent two oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and one glycemic response test for each sports drink. In study II, participants cycled for 60 min at 70% V\u0307O2max, one hour after consuming a standardized breakfast. One of four prescribed beverages (L-CHO, H-CHO, CHO-PRO, and Placebo control, PLA) was served at 0, 15, 30, 45 min during the exercise. Six hours after the first exercise session, participants came back for a \u201ctime to exhaustion test\u201d (TTE). Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, and 60 min in the first exercise session, while arterial blood gas analysis was conducted at 0, 30, and 60 min in both sessions. Subjective feelings (rating of perceived exertion and abdominal discomfort) were also evaluated every 30 min during exercise. Results: Compared to the reference standardized glucose solution, the glycemic index of the L-CHO beverage was 117.70 \u00b1 14.25, while H-CHO was 105.50 \u00b1 12.82, and CHO-PRO was 67.23 \u00b1 5.88. During the exercise test, the insulin level at 30 and 60 min was significantly lower than baseline following the treatment of L-CHO, H-CHO, and PLA (p &lt; 0.05). The CHO oxidation rate at 60 min in the first exercise session was significantly higher than that at 60 min in the second exercise session following the L-CHO treatment (p &lt; 0.05). Time to exhaustion was not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The CHO sports beverage with additional PRO maintains insulin production during endurance cycling at 70% V\u0307O2max in the postprandial state. L-CHO sports beverage suppresses fat utilization during the subsequent exercise performance test. The subsequent exercise performance (as evaluated by TTE) was not influenced by the type of CHO or the addition of PRO in the commercially available sports beverages used in the present study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T10:15:06Z","timestamp":1491992106000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Three Commercially Available Sports Drinks on Substrate Metabolism and Subsequent Endurance Performance in a Postprandial State"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi-Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Long","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Sports Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai-Qi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Sports Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Sports Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mu-Qing","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing &amp; Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Room 206, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.4.968S","article-title":"Substrate utilization during exercise in active people","volume":"61","author":"Coyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. 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