{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T23:29:36Z","timestamp":1768778976301,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs","award":["31O.041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31O.041"]}]},{"name":"the Province of Limburg"},{"name":"the Pearl String Initiative Diabetes"},{"name":"the Cardiovascular Center"},{"name":"CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases"},{"name":"CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care"},{"name":"), NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism"},{"name":"Stichting Annadal"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016244","name":"Health Foundation Limburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Janssen-Cilag B.V."},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Farma B.V."},{"name":"Sanofi-Aventis Netherlands B.V."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The associations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose intake with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been inconsistent. Furthermore, there is a lack of studies focusing on early markers of T2DM that provide insight into the process of T2DM progression: impaired pancreatic \u03b2-cell function (BCF) and insulin sensitivity. This study evaluated associations cross-sectionally in a population-based cohort consisting of 2818 individuals (mean \u00b1 SD age 59.7 \u00b1 8.18, 49.5% male, n = 120 newly diagnosed T2DM). Glucose, fructose, and sucrose intake were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Glucose metabolism status, insulin sensitivity, and BCF were measured by a seven-points oral glucose tolerance test. Linear regression analysis revealed a positive association of glucose intake with insulin sensitivity in the fully adjusted model (standardized beta (95% CI) 0.07 (0.05, 0.14) SD for \u226523 g vs. &lt;10 g of glucose). Fructose and sucrose intake were not associated with insulin sensitivity after full adjustments. In addition, no associations of dietary glucose, fructose, and sucrose with BCF were detected. In conclusion, higher intake of glucose, not fructose and sucrose, was associated with higher insulin sensitivity, independent of dietary fibre. No convincing evidence was found for associations of dietary glucose, fructose, and sucrose with BCF in this middle-aged population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T10:55:44Z","timestamp":1492080944000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Associations of Dietary Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose with \u03b2-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Type 2 Diabetes in the Maastricht Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Louise J. C. J. den","family":"Biggelaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone J. P. M.","family":"Eussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone J. S.","family":"Sep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C N R Institute of Neuroscience, Padova 56124, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ele","family":"Ferrannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C N R Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa 56124, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martien C. J. M. van","family":"Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karlijn F. M.","family":"Denissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole E. G.","family":"Wijckmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miranda T.","family":"Schram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla J. van der","family":"Kallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolaas","family":"Schaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald M. A.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coen D. A.","family":"Stehouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter C.","family":"Dagnelie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht MD 6200, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9","article-title":"Prediabetes: A high-risk state for diabetes development","volume":"379","author":"Herder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.921","article-title":"Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women","volume":"71","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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