{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:26:59Z","timestamp":1791070019724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble steroid essential for life in higher animals. It is technically a pro-hormone present in few food types and produced endogenously in the skin by a photochemical reaction. In recent decades, several studies have suggested that VD contributes to diverse processes extending far beyond mineral homeostasis. The machinery for VD production and its receptor have been reported in multiple tissues, where they have a pivotal role in modulating the immune system. Similarly, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been in the spotlight as a major global public healthcare burden. VDD is highly prevalent throughout different regions of the world, including tropical and subtropical countries. Moreover, VDD may affect host immunity leading to an increased incidence and severity of several infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss new insights on VD physiology as well as the relationship between VD status and various infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, respiratory tract infections, human immunodeficiency virus, fungal infections and sepsis. Finally, we critically review the latest evidence on VD monitoring and supplementation in the setting of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T02:58:05Z","timestamp":1498532285000},"page":"651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases: Simple Bystander or Contributing Factor?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 01246-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Olenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Seguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research-LIM12, Nephrology Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vitamin, D. 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