{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:12:25Z","timestamp":1770891145131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grand Challenges Canada Stars in Global Health","award":["S6 0490-01-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S6 0490-01-10"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research Doctoral Award - Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship","award":["327933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327933"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Traditionally, vitamin B1 status is assessed by a functional test measuring erythrocyte transketolase (ETK) activity or direct measurement of erythrocyte thiamine diphosphate (eThDP) concentration. However, such analyses are logistically challenging, and do not allow assessment of vitamin B1 status in plasma\/serum samples stored in biobanks. Using a multiplex assay, we evaluated plasma concentrations of thiamine and thiamine monophosphate (TMP), as alternative, convenient measures of vitamin B1 status. Methods: We investigated the relationships between the established biomarker eThDP and plasma concentrations of thiamine and TMP, and compared the response of these thiamine forms to thiamine fortification using samples from 196 healthy Cambodian women (aged 18\u201345 years.). eThDP was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and plasma thiamine and TMP by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). Results: Plasma thiamine and TMP correlated significantly with eThDP at baseline and study-end (p &lt; 0.05). Among the fortification groups, the strongest response was observed for plasma thiamine (increased by 266%), while increases in plasma TMP (60%) and eThDP (53%) were comparable. Conclusions: Plasma thiamine and TMP correlated positively with eThDP, and all thiamine forms responded significantly to thiamine intervention. Measuring plasma concentrations of thiamine forms is advantageous due to convenient sample handling and capacity to develop low volume, high-throughput, multiplex assays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T10:40:04Z","timestamp":1498732804000},"page":"676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparable Performance Characteristics of Plasma Thiamine and Erythrocyte Thiamine Diphosphate in Response to Thiamine Fortification in Rural Cambodian Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"McCann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bevital AS, Laboratoriebygget Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ivind","family":"Midttun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bevital AS, Laboratoriebygget Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyly","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hou","family":"Kroeun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Cambodia Country Office, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mam","family":"Borath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Sub-Committee for Food Fortification, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prak","family":"Sophonneary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh 12202, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food, Nutrition, and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Healthy Mothers, Babies, and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9509-4","article-title":"Thiamine triphosphate: A ubiquitous molecule in search of a physiological role","volume":"29","author":"Bettendorff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-5299.2007.06260.x","article-title":"Loop diuretic therapy, thiamine balance, and heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Sica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608323430","article-title":"Characteristics of thiamin and its relevance to the management of heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Wooley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3098-4","article-title":"Thiamine triphosphate and thiamine triphosphatase activities: From bacteria to mammals","volume":"60","author":"Makarchikov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangolf, M., Czerniecki, J., Radermecker, M., Detry, O., Nisolle, M., Jouan, C., Martin, D., Chantraine, F., Lakaye, B., and Wins, P. (2010). Thiamine status in humans and content of phosphorylated thiamine derivatives in biopsies and cultured cells. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013616"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_11","article-title":"Thiamin(e): The spark of life","volume":"56","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dai015","article-title":"An analysis of the development of Canadian food fortification policies: The case of vitamin B","volume":"20","author":"Nathoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007443","article-title":"Fortification and health: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Dwyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nations WHOaFaAOotU (2006). Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients, World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90134-9","article-title":"Beri-beri: The major cause of infant mortality in Karen refugees","volume":"97","author":"Luxemburger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.05.006","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency in Cambodian infants with and without beriberi","volume":"161","author":"Coats","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"130","article-title":"Beriberi outbreak among commercial fishermen, Thailand 2005","volume":"38","author":"Kesornsukhon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khounnorath, S., Chamberlain, K., Taylor, A.M., Soukaloun, D., Mayxay, M., Lee, S.J., Phengdy, B., Luangxay, K., Sisouk, K., and Soumphonphakdy, B. (2011). Clinically unapparent infantile thiamin deficiency in Vientiane, Laos. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000969"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12522","article-title":"Thiamine in the treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in patients with alcohol use disorders","volume":"44","author":"Latt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(200012)28:4<451::AID-EAT14>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Prevalence of thiamin deficiency in anorexia nervosa","volume":"28","author":"Winston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1702140","article-title":"Neuropathological findings after bone marrow transplantation: An autopsy study of 180 cases","volume":"25","author":"Werner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00996920","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy in AIDS","volume":"6","author":"Butterworth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01330.x","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy due to hyperemesis gravidarum: An under-recognised condition","volume":"41","author":"Yigit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.5.704","article-title":"Vitamin B(1) status assessed by direct measurement of thiamin pyrophosphate in erythrocytes or whole blood by HPLC: Comparison with erythrocyte transketolase activation assay","volume":"46","author":"Talwar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328201900111","article-title":"A reliable semiautomated method for the determination of total thiamine in whole blood by the thiochrome method with high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"19","author":"Schrijver","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00089-3","article-title":"Determination of thiamine by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"881","author":"Lynch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(91)80075-N","article-title":"Concomitant determination of thiamin and its phosphate esters in human blood and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"564","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(94)05980-7","article-title":"Comparison of erythrocyte transketolase activity with thiamine and thiamine phosphate ester levels in chronic alcoholic patients","volume":"234","author":"Herve","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(97)79010-4","article-title":"Determination of thiamin and its phosphate esters in human blood, plasma, and urine","volume":"279","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.099077","article-title":"Rapid HPLC measurement of thiamine and its phosphate esters in whole blood","volume":"54","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puts, J., de Groot, M., Haex, M., and Jakobs, B. (2015). Simultaneous Determination of Underivatized Vitamin B1 and B6 in Whole Blood by Reversed Phase Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132018"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718593","article-title":"Plasma and erythrocyte thiamin concentrations in geriatric outpatients","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/108.3.421","article-title":"The determination of thiamin pyrophosphate in blood and other tissues, and its correlation with erythrocyte transketolase activity","volume":"108","author":"Warnock","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01384.x","article-title":"Blood and serum thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters concentrations in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome before and after thiamin treatment","volume":"16","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114565245","article-title":"Thiamin in Clinical Practice","volume":"39","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.10.066","article-title":"Household Consumption of Thiamin-Fortified Fish Sauce Increases Erythrocyte Thiamin Concentrations among Rural Cambodian Women and Their Children Younger Than 5 Years of Age: A Randomized Controlled Efficacy Trial","volume":"181","author":"Whitfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4013","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status, tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Midttun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Nesbitt, H.J. (1997). Rice in the Cambodian Economy: Past and Present, Rice Production in Cambodia, International Rice Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.203604","article-title":"Poor thiamin and riboflavin status is common among women of childbearing age in rural and urban Cambodia","volume":"145","author":"Whitfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.062737","article-title":"Thiamine pharmacokinetics in Cambodian mothers and their breastfed infants","volume":"98","author":"Coats","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.30.475","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of thiamin in man compared with folate and pyridoxal and its subsequent urinary excretion","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315284","article-title":"Kinetics of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters in human blood, plasma and urine after 50 mg intravenously or orally","volume":"44","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ross, A.C.C.B., Cousins, R.J., Tucker, K.L., and Ziegler, T.R. (2014). Thiamin. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/23.6.764","article-title":"Thiamin metabolism in man","volume":"23","author":"Balaghi","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524013363870","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization","volume":"1","author":"Singleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03153.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Galvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.02.002","article-title":"Up-regulation of vitamin B1 homeostasis genes in breast cancer","volume":"24","author":"Zastre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1373.2000.22428.x","article-title":"Thiamine intestinal transport and related issues: Recent aspects","volume":"224","author":"Rindi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0771-4","article-title":"High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease","volume":"50","author":"Thornalley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)00123-C","article-title":"Thiamine homeostasis in neuroblastoma cells","volume":"26","author":"Bettendorff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/7\/676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:40:48Z","timestamp":1760208048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/7\/676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu9070676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9070676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]}}}