{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:13:48Z","timestamp":1792034028938,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council - NSERC","award":["RGPIN-2014-06291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2014-06291"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR\/Int. Potato Center","award":["001-13-CRP4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001-13-CRP4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A dynamic human gastrointestinal (GI) model was used to digest cooked tubers from purple-fleshed Amachi and Leona potato cultivars to study anthocyanin biotransformation in the stomach, small intestine and colonic vessels. Colonic Caco-2 cancer cells and non-tumorigenic colonic CCD-112CoN cells were tested for cytotoxicity and cell viability after 24 h exposure to colonic fecal water (FW) digests (0%, 10%, 25%, 75% and 100% FW in culture media). After 24 h digestion, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 36 and 15 anthocyanin species throughout the GI vessels for Amachi and Leona, respectively. The total anthocyanin concentration was over thirty-fold higher in Amachi compared to Leona digests but seven-fold higher anthocyanin concentrations were noted for Leona versus Amachi in descending colon digests. Leona FW showed greater potency to induce cytotoxicity and decrease viability of Caco-2 cells than observed with FW from Amachi. Amachi FW at 100% caused cytotoxicity in non-tumorigenic cells while FW from Leona showed no effect. The present findings indicate major variations in the pattern of anthocyanin breakdown and release during digestion of purple-fleshed cultivars. The differing microbial anthocyanin metabolite profiles in colonic vessels between cultivars could play a significant role in the impact of FW toxicity on tumor and non-tumorigenic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]],"date-time":"2017-08-29T10:39:15Z","timestamp":1504003155000},"page":"953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Effects of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion of Two Purple-Fleshed Potato Cultivars on Anthocyanin Composition and Cytotoxicity in Colonic Cancer and Non-Tumorigenic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stan","family":"Kubow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Melgar-Bermudez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekha","family":"Sleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebba","family":"Sabally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"How","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioMedical Engineering Department, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Room 311, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Potato Center (CIP), Avenida La Molina 1895, Apartado Postal 1558, Lima, Lima 12, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas zum","family":"Felde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Potato Center (CIP), Avenida La Molina 1895, Apartado Postal 1558, Lima, Lima 12, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760600758522","article-title":"Anthocyanins: Structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities","volume":"40","author":"Prior","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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