{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:15:43Z","timestamp":1792019743277,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R44DK103377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44DK103377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet and chronic inflammation of the colon have been suggested to be risk factors in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The possible link between inflammatory potential of diet, measured through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII\u00ae), and CRC has been investigated in several populations across the world. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis on studies exploring this association. Data from nine studies were eligible, of which five were case-control and four were cohort studies. Results from meta-analysis showed a positive association between increasing DII scores, indicating a pro-inflammatory diet, and CRC. Individuals in the highest versus the lowest (reference) DII category showed an overall 40% increased risk of CRC with moderate evidence of heterogeneity [relative risk (RR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 1.55; I2 = 69%, p &lt; 0.001]. When analyzed as a continuous variable, results showed an increased risk of CRC of 7% for a 1-point increase in the DII score. Results remained unchanged when analyses were restricted to the four prospective studies. Results of our meta-analysis support the importance of adopting a healthier anti-inflammatory diet in preventing CRC. These results further substantiate the utility of DII as tool to characterize the inflammatory potential of diet and to predict CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T10:57:41Z","timestamp":1505905061000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["Dietary Inflammatory Index and Colorectal Cancer Risk\u2014A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5809-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Godos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Society, Church Hill, Orpington, London BR6OHH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Piuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Society, Church Hill, Orpington, London BR6OHH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3712-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio","family":"Speciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Society, Church Hill, Orpington, London BR6OHH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Cancer Registry of Catania-Messina-Siracusa-Enna, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, St John\u2019s Innovation Centre, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, September 18). 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