{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:56:15Z","timestamp":1790229375866,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,9]],"date-time":"2017-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder yet it still lacks effective prevention therapies. The aim of this study is to determine whether a novel prebiotic blend (PB) composed of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), inulin and anthocyanins could be effective in preventing the development of IBS. We explored the possible mechanisms both in animal and in cells. Post-infectious IBS models in C57BL\/6 mice were established and were pretreated with the PB, PB and probiotic strains 8 weeks in advance of infection. Eight weeks after infection, intestinal tissues were collected for assessing histomorphology, visceral sensitivity, barrier function, pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and proteomics analysis. Fecal samples were also collected for microbiota analysis. The pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in Caco-2 cells were evaluated after co-incubation with PB and Salmonella typhimurium 14028. The results showed that PB significantly decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines both in infected Caco-2 cells and PI-IBS models. The loss of body weight, decreased expression of tight junction protein Occludin (OCLN), and changes of the microbiota composition induced by infections could be greatly improved by PB intervention (p &lt; 0.05). The proteomics analysis revealed that this function was associated with Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)\u03b3 pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T12:26:37Z","timestamp":1512995197000},"page":"1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["A Novel Prebiotic Blend Product Prevents Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Mice by Improving Gut Microbiota and Modulating Immune Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anti-Aging Research, Nu Skin Enterprises, Shanghai 201401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anti-Aging Research, Nu Skin Enterprises, Shanghai 201401, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nu Skin Enterprises Anti-Aging Research Center, Provo, UT 84601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29255","article-title":"Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Cenac","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drossman, D.A. (2016). Functional gastrointestinal disorders: History, pathophysiology, clinical features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","article-title":"Functional bowel disorders","volume":"130","author":"Longstreth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029","article-title":"Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lovell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"71","article-title":"The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Canavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.3591","article-title":"Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Thabane","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00654.x","article-title":"Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Halvorson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1281581","article-title":"Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome\u2014A review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Frick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00672.x","article-title":"Abnormal intestinal permeability in subgroups of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndromes","volume":"101","author":"Dunlop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1607547","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"376","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.200","article-title":"Crosstalk at the mucosal border: Importance of the gut microenvironment in ibs","volume":"12","author":"Ohman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.028126-0","article-title":"Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces","volume":"60","author":"Ponnusamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.043257-0","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: Present state and perspectives","volume":"156","author":"Salonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21772","article-title":"The microbiota link to irritable bowel syndrome: An emerging story","volume":"3","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.40","article-title":"A role for the gut microbiota in IBS","volume":"11","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.3.410","article-title":"Prognosis in post-infective irritable bowel syndrome: A six year follow up study","volume":"51","author":"Neal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i7.2219","article-title":"Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies","volume":"22","author":"Distrutti","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.167270","article-title":"The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04965.x","article-title":"Review article: Probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome\u2014Focus on lactic acid bacteria","volume":"35","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.25","article-title":"The utility of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Brenner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.195","article-title":"The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00323.x","article-title":"Bran supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Snook","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-006-0013-8","article-title":"Current gut-directed therapies for irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2014.917956","article-title":"Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols: Role in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Tuck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"156","article-title":"The efficacy of a synbiotic containing bacillus coagulans in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Rogha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2010.12.009","article-title":"Therapies aimed at the gut microbiota and inflammation: Antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, anti-inflammatory therapies","volume":"40","author":"Quigley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw038","article-title":"Microbiome, antibiotics and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3157-8","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Pimentel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Zhou, X., and Lan, C. (2015). Changes of cytokine levels in a mouse model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0272-8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Gong, J., Wang, W., Long, Y., Fu, X., Fu, Y., Qian, W., and Hou, X. (2014). Are there any different effects of bifidobacterium, lactobacillus and streptococcus on intestinal sensation, barrier function and intestinal immunity in PI-IBS mouse model?. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090153"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.102","article-title":"Incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional intestinal disorders following a water-borne viral gastroenteritis outbreak","volume":"107","author":"Zanini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.05.053","article-title":"Incidence and epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome after a large waterborne outbreak of bacterial dysentery","volume":"131","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7183.565","article-title":"Increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome after bacterial gastroenteritis: Cohort study","volume":"318","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.074","article-title":"Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Spiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compare, D., Rocco, A., Coccoli, P., Angrisani, D., Sgamato, C., Iovine, B., Salvatore, U., and Nardone, G. (2017). Lactobacillus casei dg and its postbiotic reduce the inflammatory mucosal response: An ex-vivo organ culture model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0605-x"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.010","article-title":"Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: Guidelines for effective dietary management","volume":"106","author":"Shepherd","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.02.058","article-title":"Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Randomized placebo-controlled evidence","volume":"6","author":"Shepherd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaza-Diaz, J., Ruiz-Ojeda, F.J., Vilchez-Padial, L.M., and Gil, A. (2017). Evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics and synbiotics in intestinal chronic diseases. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060555"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hod, K., Sperber, A.D., Ron, Y., Boaz, M., Dickman, R., Berliner, S., Halpern, Z., Maharshak, N., and Dekel, R. (2017). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of a probiotic mixture on symptoms and inflammatory markers in women with diarrhea-predominant ibs. Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 29.","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13037"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.11.008","article-title":"Anthocyanins as inflammatory modulators and the role of the gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Morais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuu066","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins via modulation of nuclear factor-kappab and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades","volume":"73","author":"Vendrame","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.465s","article-title":"Probiotics and safety","volume":"73","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.06.017","article-title":"Intestinal membrane permeability and hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.00257.x","article-title":"Role of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Verspaget","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01220.x","article-title":"Immune dysfunction in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"21","author":"Kindt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04138.x","article-title":"Are there alterations of neuroendocrine and cellular immune responses to nutrients in women with irritable bowel syndrome?","volume":"99","author":"Elsenbruch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.01.046","article-title":"Immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Liebregts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300296","article-title":"Nondigestible oligosaccharides exert nonprebiotic effects on intestinal epithelial cells enhancing the immune response via activation of TLR4-NF\u03baB","volume":"58","author":"Ocon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0357-4","article-title":"Non-digestible oligosaccharides directly regulate host kinome to modulate host inflammatory responses without alterations in the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31826ae849","article-title":"The gut barrier: New acquisitions and therapeutic approaches","volume":"46","author":"Scaldaferri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.315","article-title":"Combination of allergic factors can worsen diarrheic irritable bowel syndrome: Role of barrier defects and mast cells","volume":"107","author":"Dainese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.1845","article-title":"Fermentable fiber reduces recovery time and improves intestinal function in piglets following salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"133","author":"Donovan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Qin, S., Zhai, S., Gao, Y., and Li, L. (2017). Inulin with different degrees of polymerization modulates composition of intestinal microbiota in mice. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 364.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx075"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03180584","article-title":"Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health","volume":"65","author":"Larque","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1340491","article-title":"Black raspberries and their anthocyanin and fiber fractions alter the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in F-344 rats","volume":"69","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01197-12","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization","volume":"81","author":"Ubeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01561-09","article-title":"Bacteria associated with immunoregulatory cells in mice","volume":"76","author":"Presley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, A., Luckey, D., Yeoman, C.J., Marietta, E.V., Berg Miller, M.E., Murray, J.A., White, B.A., and Taneja, V. (2012). Loss of sex and age driven differences in the gut microbiome characterize arthritis-susceptible 0401 mice but not arthritis-resistant 0402 mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036095"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20442","article-title":"Bacteria and bacterial rRNA genes associated with the development of colitis in IL-10\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-23","article-title":"Commensal clostridia: Leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"5","author":"Lopetuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.3.397","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NF\u03baB inhibition: Implications for crohn\u2018s disease","volume":"47","author":"Segain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840100295","article-title":"Cytokine-activated degradation of inhibitory \u03baB protein alpha is inhibited by the short-chain fatty acid butyrate","volume":"16","author":"Gerke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11467.x","article-title":"The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon","volume":"217","author":"Pryde","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3504-3511.1999","article-title":"Differential roles of segmented filamentous bacteria and clostridia in development of the intestinal immune system","volume":"67","author":"Umesaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198469","article-title":"Induction of colonic regulatory t cells by indigenous clostridium species","volume":"331","author":"Atarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.6","article-title":"Microbes inside\u2014From diversity to function: The case of Akkermansia","volume":"6","author":"Belzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.281","article-title":"Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Png","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.191320","article-title":"Acute appendicitis is characterised by local invasion with fusobacterium nucleatum\/necrophorum","volume":"60","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i12.1802","article-title":"Intestinal microecology and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"10","author":"Si","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2887","article-title":"Lower bifidobacteria counts in both duodenal mucosa-associated and fecal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"15","author":"Kerckhoffs","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303304","article-title":"Insight into the prebiotic concept: Lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women","volume":"62","author":"Dewulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3159","article-title":"Ppargamma signaling and metabolism: The good, the bad and the future","volume":"19","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.05.001","article-title":"Ppars at the crossroads of lipid signaling and inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Wahli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/34184","article-title":"Ppar-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines","volume":"391","author":"Jiang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3397","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is downregulated in ulcerative colitis and is involved in experimental colitis-associated neoplasia","volume":"10","author":"Dou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.136176","article-title":"Prebiotic oligosaccharides reduce proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal Caco-2 cells via activation of PPAR\u03b3 and peptidoglycan recognition protein 3","volume":"141","author":"Zenhom","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ085","article-title":"Risk and safety of probiotics","volume":"60","author":"Doron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.050","article-title":"Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles","volume":"128","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03750.x","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Spiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G807","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00243.2009","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria and intestinal epithelial barrier function","volume":"298","author":"Ohland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.06.027","article-title":"Microbe-host interactions: Influence of the gut microbiota on the enteric nervous system","volume":"417","author":"Hyland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/12\/1341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:53:20Z","timestamp":1760208800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/12\/1341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,9]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu9121341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9121341","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,9]]}}}