{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:47:55Z","timestamp":1791920875603,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute Program to Increase Diversity in Cardiovascular Health-Related Research (PI: Boutjdir)","award":["R25HL105446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25HL105446"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute Program to Increase Diversity in Cardiovascular Health-Related Research (PI: Boutjdir)","award":["K01HL145580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL145580"]}]},{"name":"LEveraging A viRtual eNvironment (LEARN) to Enhance Prevention of HIV-related Comorbidities in At-Risk Minority MSM (PI: Ramos)","award":["R25HL105446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25HL105446"]}]},{"name":"LEveraging A viRtual eNvironment (LEARN) to Enhance Prevention of HIV-related Comorbidities in At-Risk Minority MSM (PI: Ramos)","award":["K01HL145580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL145580"]}]},{"name":"Supplemental Fund for Lesbian and Gay Studies throughLGBT Studies at Yale University (PI: Ramos)","award":["R25HL105446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25HL105446"]}]},{"name":"Supplemental Fund for Lesbian and Gay Studies throughLGBT Studies at Yale University (PI: Ramos)","award":["K01HL145580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL145580"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethnic and racial sexual minority men with HIV have a disproportionately higher risk of HIV-related cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is a lack of tailored and culturally salient behavioral interventions to address HIV-related chronic illness in ethnic and racial sexual minority men, and literature on their understanding and awareness of modifiable behavioral risks is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess illness perceptions about HIV and HTN, and describe physical activity, tobacco, and e-cigarette use in Black and Latinx sexual minority men living with HIV. We used the validated Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) to assess perceptions about two interrelated chronic diseases, HIV and CVD. To assess CVD behavioral risk, we assessed physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Tobacco and e-cigarette use were assessed using items from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Sleep difficulties were the most prevalent symptom attributed to HIV, and were statistically associated with fatigue, upset stomach, and loss of strength. Anxiety was reported to be caused by HIV (57%) and HTN (39%). Half of the participants engaged in vigorous activity for 128 min (SD = 135) daily, and 63% engaged in moderate activity for 94 min (SD = 88) daily. Over a third reported current tobacco use and 20% reported current e-cigarette use. This study provides formative data to better understand how Black and Latinx sexual minority men with HIV perceive intersecting chronic illnesses and their engagement in modifiable CVD risk behaviors. Sleep, mental health disparities, and financial hardships were commonly reported. More research is needed to address intersecting chronic illnesses and mental health conditions that are influenced by social positioning over the life course, and impact CVD risk factors. This study was not registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep14030143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T06:25:24Z","timestamp":1723271124000},"page":"1922-1936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chronic Illness Perceptions and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Behaviors in Black and Latinx Sexual Minority Men with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Raquel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baram","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-2053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangchoon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trace","family":"Kershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Boutjdir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cell Biology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209","article-title":"2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.1137","article-title":"State of the Nation\u2019s Cardiovascular Health and Targeting Health Equity in the United States A Narrative Review","volume":"6","author":"Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036211","article-title":"Time to Recognize HIV Infection as a Major Cardiovascular Risk Factor","volume":"138","author":"Hsue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014873","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014873","article-title":"Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in People With HIV Infection","volume":"9","author":"Titanji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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