{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:24:16Z","timestamp":1776731056938,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of genetics and genomics into nursing practice is essential for addressing genetic pathologies and providing personalized patient care. This study aims to analyze the nursing education curricula across Spanish universities to understand how genetic and genomic concepts are incorporated. Using the \u201cQu\u00e9 estudiar y d\u00f3nde en la Universidad\u201d (QEDU) database, an official source provided by the Spanish Ministry of Universities, a systematic review of 4720 teaching guides from 118 university centers was conducted. Our findings reveal that 12 centers do not include any genetic or genomic content, while 43% of the remaining centers focus solely on basic genetics. In contrast, 57% cover advanced topics, such as genetic counseling and pharmacogenetics. Teaching methodologies predominantly involve lectures and seminars, with limited practical training. On average, three to six ECTS credits out of the total 240 required for the Nursing Degree are dedicated to genetics and genomics. This study highlights the need for curriculum updates and standardization to ensure comprehensive training in these crucial areas. Improved integration of genetic and genomic education will better prepare nursing professionals to meet the evolving demands of modern healthcare. This study was not registered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep14040270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T11:26:08Z","timestamp":1732706768000},"page":"3689-3705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of Nursing Education Curricula in Spain: Integration of Genetic and Genomic Concepts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estel\u00b7la","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Baraldes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic\u2014Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Simulaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Transformativa (GRIST), UVic-UCC, Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Salud de la Catalu\u00f1a Central (Iris-CC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Cures Intensives, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universit\u00e0ria de Manresa, 08243 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerin","family":"Ariza-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic\u2014Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9371-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic\u2014Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Simulaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Transformativa (GRIST), UVic-UCC, Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Salud de la Catalu\u00f1a Central (Iris-CC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Salido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic\u2014Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Simulaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Transformativa (GRIST), UVic-UCC, Av. Universit\u00e0ria, 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Salud de la Catalu\u00f1a Central (Iris-CC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EuroGentest (2023, October 16). EuroGentest Roadmap for Integration of Genetics\/Genomics in European Healthcare Systems. Available online: https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/261469\/reporting."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) (2023, October 26). ESHG Guidelines for Genetic Education in Nursing. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurogems.org\/for-genetics-professionals.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12629","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12629","article-title":"Current practice for genetic counselling by nurses: An integrative review","volume":"24","author":"Barr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, September 15). State of the World\u2019s Nursing 2020: Investing in Education, Jobs and Leadership. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240007017."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Asesoramiento Gen\u00e9tico (2023, October 20). Asesor gen\u00e9tico. Available online: http:\/\/seagen.org\/asesor-genetico\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4321\/S1132-12962005000200009","article-title":"Salud p\u00fablica y gen\u00e9tica: Nuevos retos para el profesional de enfermer\u00eda","volume":"14","author":"Cabrera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Index Enferm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-011-0073-x","article-title":"A profile of the genetic counsellor and genetic nurse profession in European countries","volume":"3","author":"Cordier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Community Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31607","article-title":"Genetic counseling globally: Where are we now?","volume":"178","author":"Ormond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06103.x","article-title":"Knowledge of genetics and the role of the nurse in genetic health care: A survey of Italian nurses","volume":"69","author":"Godino","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1067\/mno.2000.99810","article-title":"Preparing the nursing profession for participation in a genetic paradigm in health care","volume":"48","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-018-0371-7","article-title":"Ethics in genetic counselling","volume":"10","author":"Clarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Community Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"HS England (2023, September 14). The 2023 Genomic Competency Framework for UK Nurses. NHS England\u2019s National Genomics Education Programme. Available online: https:\/\/www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12380","article-title":"The global landscape of nursing and genomics","volume":"50","author":"Calzone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"European Nursing Genomics Consortium (2023, October 21). GenoNurse Project. Available online: https:\/\/projects.tuni.fi\/genonurse\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ministry of Science and Innovation (2023, October 11). Spanish Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy 2021\u20132027. Available online: https:\/\/www.ciencia.gob.es\/en\/Estrategias-y-Planes\/Estrategias\/Estrategia-Espanola-de-Ciencia-Tecnologia-e-Innovacion-2021-2027.html#:~:text=The%20Spanish%20Science%2C%20Technology%20and,programme%20(2021%2D2027)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23779608211064713","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608211064713","article-title":"Personalized Nursing Care in Precision-Medicine Era","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Precision Medicine: Preparing Nurses in Genomics for Today\u2019s Healthcare","volume":"40","author":"Aiello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dean\u2019s Notes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200058","DOI":"10.1515\/ijnes-2020-0058","article-title":"Assessing knowledge of genomic concepts among Canadian nursing students and faculty","volume":"17","author":"Dewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Educ. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12344","article-title":"Educational needs of nurses to provide genetic services in prenatal care: A cross-sectional study from Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Seven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2009.05.001","article-title":"Nurses transforming health care using genetics and genomics","volume":"58","author":"Calzone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puddester, R., Pike, A., Maddigan, J., and Farrell, A. (2022). Nurses\u2019 Knowledge, Attitudes, Confidence, and Practices with Genetics and Genomics: A Theory-Informed Integrative Review Protocol. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091358"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00009","article-title":"Nursing Strategies to Address Health Disparities in Genomics-Informed Care: A Scoping Review","volume":"22","author":"Limoges","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majstorovi\u0107, D., Bari\u0161i\u0107, A., \u0160tifani\u0107, M., Dobra\u010da, I., and Vranekovi\u0107, J. (2021). The Importance of Genomic Literacy and Education in Nursing. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.759950"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ministerio de Universidades de Espa\u00f1a (2023, September 26). Where to study. Available online: https:\/\/www.universidades.gob.es\/oferta-general-de-ensenanzas-y-plazas\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, September 27). \u201cQu\u00e9 Estudiar y D\u00f3nde en la Universidad\u201d (QEDU). Available online: https:\/\/www.universidades.gob.es\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia (2023, September 27). Real Decreto 1393\/2007, de 29 de octubre, por el que se establece la ordenaci\u00f3n de las ense\u00f1anzas universitarias oficiales. Bolet\u00edn Of. Estado 2007, 260, 44037\u201344048., Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/2007\/10\/29\/1393\/con."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ministerio de Universidades (2021). Real Decreto 822\/2021, de 28 de septiembre, por el que se establece la organizaci\u00f3n de las ense\u00f1anzas universitarias y el procedimiento de aseguramiento de su calidad. Bolet\u00edn Of. Estado, 233, 116140\u2013116237. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/2021\/09\/28\/822."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n (2008). Orden CIN\/2134\/2008, de 3 de julio, por la que se establecen los requisitos para la verificaci\u00f3n de los t\u00edtulos universitarios oficiales que habiliten para el ejercicio de la profesi\u00f3n de Enfermero. Bolet\u00edn Of. Estado, 174, 31684\u201331687. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/diario_boe\/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12388."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2013). Directive 2013\/55\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 amending Directive 2005\/36\/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications and Regulation (EU) No 1024\/2012. Off. J. Eur. Union, L354, 132\u2013170. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32013L0055."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2007.00137.x","article-title":"Establishing the essential nursing competencies for genetics and genomics","volume":"39","author":"Jenkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06034.x","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 competence in genetics: A mixed method systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Skirton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes-J\u00fanior, L.C., Bomfim, E., and Fl\u00f3ria-Santos, M. (2022). Genetics and genomics teaching in nursing programs in a Latin American country. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071128"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13091","article-title":"Difficulties in providing genetic consultations by public health nurses in Japan","volume":"39","author":"Obayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Implications for educating the next generation of nurses on genetics and genomics in the 21st century","volume":"42","author":"Lea","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12007","article-title":"A blueprint for genomic nursing science","volume":"45","author":"Calzone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2024.102266","article-title":"A systematic review of genomic education for nurses and nursing students: Are they sufficient in the era of precision health?","volume":"72","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12552","article-title":"A roadmap for global acceleration of genomics integration across nursing","volume":"52","author":"Tonkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12207","article-title":"An iterative consensus-building approach to revising a genetics\/genomics competency framework for nurse education in the UK","volume":"70","author":"Kirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitley, K.V., Tueller, J.A., and Weber, K.S. (2020). Genomics education in the era of personal genomics: Academic, professional, and public considerations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030768"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12686","article-title":"Integrating genomic professional skills into nursing practice: Results from a large cohort of Israeli nurses","volume":"53","author":"Dagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, J., Keels, J., Calzone, K.A., Badzek, L., Dewell, S., Patch, C., Tonkin, E.T., and Dwyer, A.A. (2023). Current State of Genomics in Nursing: A Scoping Review of Healthcare Provider Oriented (Clinical and Educational) Outcomes (2012\u20132022). Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14112013"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"250","article-title":"Integration of genomic nursing in nursing education curriculum in Indonesia: A perspective","volume":"19","author":"Setiawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"81","article-title":"Outcomes of a genetics education program for nursing faculty","volume":"24","author":"Prows","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurs. Educ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"128","article-title":"Challenges in global genomics education","volume":"3","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Transl. Genom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.13.64","article-title":"National nursing workforce survey of nursing attitudes, knowledge and practice in genomics","volume":"10","author":"Calzone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.06.032","article-title":"Increasing nursing capacity in genomics: Overview of existing global genomics resources","volume":"69","author":"Calzone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"International Society of Nurses in Genetics (ISONG) (2017). Genetics\/Genomics Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, American Nurses Association. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"289","article-title":"Implementation science, genomic precision medicine, and improved health: A new path forward?","volume":"68","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (2023, October 15). Registered Health Professional Statistics\u2014Year 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/dyngs\/Prensa\/en\/EPSC2023.htm."}],"container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/14\/4\/270\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:40:51Z","timestamp":1760114451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/14\/4\/270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nursrep14040270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep14040270","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}}}