{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:20:28Z","timestamp":1772770828138,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Seasonal influenza currently remains a major public health concern for the community and, in particular, the health care worker (HCW). According to the World Health Organization, HCWs are among the high-risk categories for which vaccination is recommended, due to the derived absenteeism, productivity loss, and high probability of transmitting the disease to vulnerable individuals or patients. Therefore, an HCW vaccination policy should be adopted by every health care provider. There is growing evidence that a time effect of the vaccination event is probable, which may influence vaccine effectiveness. We designed and conducted an observational study to investigate the time to anti-influenza vaccination event of different categories of HCWs belonging to different occupational settings in a tertiary hospital during three seasons in order to retrieve some insight about HCW prioritization when designing vaccination campaigns. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the results of two HCW anti-influenza vaccination campaigns (2022 and 2023) to assess any difference regarding job typology and unit typology (critical care, surgical, medical, service). We first fitted a classic Cox proportional hazard model and then an AI random forest model to assess variable importance. We used R, RStudio, and the survex package. Results: Overall, other HCWs reported a lower vaccination rate compared to nurses (HR 0.77; 95%CI 0.62\u20130.97), and service unit personnel appeared to more likely be vaccinated (HR 1.42; 95%CI 1.01\u20131.99) compared to those belonging to the critical care units. As expected, older workers tended to be vaccinated more frequently (HR 1.70 for the (46, 65] category compared to the younger one; 95%CI 1.39\u20132.09). The variable importance analysis showed consistent superiority of the ward typology and age category variables with respect to time. During the entire timeline, the ward typology appeared to be more important than the HCW typology. Conclusions: Our results suggest a prioritization policy based firstly on the unit typology followed by the job typology for HCW anti-influenza campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep15030087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:41:51Z","timestamp":1741066911000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influenza Vaccination of Nurses and Other Health Care Workers in Different Occupational Settings: A Classic and AI Mixed Approach for Time-to-Event Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9273-9114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ratti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carit\u00e0, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0117-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Rescinito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carit\u00e0, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3834-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Occupational Safety and Prevention Service (SPreSAL), ASL VC (Local Health Authority), 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9248-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Lontano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carit\u00e0, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Panella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024, December 17). Factsheet About Seasonal Influenza\u2014ecdc.europa.eu. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/seasonal-influenza\/facts\/factsheet#the-pathogen."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022). Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 97, 185\u2013208."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuster, S.P., Shah, P.S., Coleman, B.L., Lam, P.P., Tong, A., Wormsbecker, A., and McGeer, A. (2011). Incidence of influenza in healthy adults and healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 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