{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:25:03Z","timestamp":1774502703887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Chronic constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as demographic, lifestyle, and medical disorders like hypothyroidism. Its prevalence varies worldwide, affecting quality of life and leading to specialized management strategies. To explore hypothyroidism patients\u2019 knowledge and practice regarding constipation and evaluate the perceived effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management approaches. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to collect the data from a private hospital in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia from January to May 2025. A convenient sample of 300 individuals with hypothyroidism completed the Bowel Habits Questionnaire. Results: Most participants knew that hypothyroidism could cause constipation, but they reported that they did not have more knowledge about it. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, especially increase water intake, fiber intake, and exercise, were commonly used by the participants, and they perceived these approaches to be effective. There were strong correlations between constipation frequency and age, disease duration, and the use of constipation management methods. A strong association was found between constipation management strategies and treatment effectiveness. Conclusion: Age, disease duration, and constipation management strategies significantly affect constipation in hypothyroidism patients. Drinking plenty of water and eating more fiber are two very effective non-pharmacological strategies. It is recommended that nurses who integrate routine bowel health education and lifestyle guidance into care plans consider the gap in patient knowledge regarding the relationship between hypothyroidism and constipation, to enhance patients\u2019 self-management and contribute to better health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep15100354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:59:46Z","timestamp":1759150786000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated Management of Constipation in Hypothyroidism: Evaluating Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2216-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman M. Gaber","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharell","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajedah Fawzi","family":"Alsadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Qatif Central Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Al Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salha Ali","family":"Almarhoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Home Health Care, Eastern Health Cluster, Zone D, 4696 King Abdullah, Jubail City Center, Al Jubail 32253, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan Mufareh","family":"Alsubeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urgent Care Clinic (UCC), Bader 91 PHC, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 32265, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana Mohammad","family":"Alboori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ward, Maternity and Children Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khulood Abdulghafour","family":"Al Marzooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Office, Dammam Medical Complex, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Saleh","family":"Al Awami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nurse Educator, Nursing Department, Safwa General Hospital, Safwa 32827, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3752-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Daud","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.32598\/CJHR.9.1.543.2","article-title":"Association between hypothyroidism and constipation: A cross-sectional study from the PERSIAN Guilan cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Casp. 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