{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T21:12:31Z","timestamp":1782940351844,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Nursing Research of the National Institutes of Health","award":["F31NR018791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31NR018791"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32CA229114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA229114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society Doctoral Degree Scholarship in Cancer Nursing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSCN-20-074-01-SCN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSCN-20-074-01-SCN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Low-income compared to high-income women have a higher incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer (CC) due to lower screening rates (under\/never-screened). Home-based screening for CC via mailed \u201cself-collection\u201d for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is an alternative to traditional, provider-collected screening that may be more acceptable to low-income women. Theoretically, adoption of a recent technology, in this case, mailed return of self-collection, is related to the Diffusion of Innovations concepts of advantages and complexity. The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically test scales to measure advantages and complexity of self-collection in a low-income, under\/never-screened population. Methods: Low-income women (n = 168) were recruited in person from food pantries and online using Facebook in the Midwest U.S. After a baseline survey, women were mailed a self-collection kit. We assessed reliability with item analysis and Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 and evaluated validity with exploratory factor analysis and t-tests, using mailed kit return as the independent variable. Results: Two scales were developed: (1) advantages (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.84), item\u2013total correlation = 0.51 to 0.69, and (2) complexity (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.82), item\u2013total correlation = 0.45 to 0.64. Exploratory factor analysis supported items factoring on their respective scales, and t-tests supported a relationship between each scale and mailed return of kits. Conclusions: Both the advantages and complexity scales demonstrated reliability and validity among low-income women. Future studies should evaluate these scales in a larger, more diverse population. Nurses could use these scales to assess preferences and difficulties associated with self-collection and aid patients with CC screening decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep15120449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:15:08Z","timestamp":1765811708000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Innovation Scales for Mail-Based Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Self-Collection Among U.S. Low-Income Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Biederman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Systems, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Studies, Indiana University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Zimet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\u2013Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6153-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Champion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Systems, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96347-2","article-title":"Wealth-related inequalities of women\u2019s cervical cancer screening in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries: Evidence from a pooled decomposition analysis","volume":"15","author":"Seifu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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