{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:20:03Z","timestamp":1784665203027,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Enfermer\u00eda de Lugo and University of Santiago de Compostela","award":["2025-PO021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-PO021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease characterized by demyelination, inflammation, and autoimmunity, leading to progressive physical and psychological impairments. Anxiety and depression are among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric comorbidities in MS, significantly impacting patients\u2019 quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess the evolution of anxiety and depression in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) over a six-month follow-up period, identify associated factors, and explore potential predictors of these psychological conditions. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted with 35 RRMS patients diagnosed at the Lucus Augusti University Hospital between January 2023 and March 2025. Psychological symptoms were assessed at baseline, after 3 months, and after 6 months using the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests to account for the small sample size and non-normal distribution of variables. Results: Anxiety and depression were prevalent and persistent in the study population, with no significant changes in mean scores over time (p &gt; 0.05). However, specific symptoms, such as pessimism and loss of pleasure, showed worsening trends, while sadness and guilt remained stable. Sociodemographic factors, including lower income and employment status, were significantly associated with higher anxiety and depression scores (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, clinical factors such as autoimmune comorbidities and a history of mononucleosis were linked to higher depressive symptoms. Baseline anxiety and depression scores emerged as strong predictors of future levels (p &lt; 0.01), emphasizing the importance of early assessments. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression are prevalent and persistent in RRMS patients, with specific symptoms fluctuating over time. Sociodemographic and clinical factors play a significant role in psychological outcomes, highlighting the need for integrated care models that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of MS. Early psychological assessments and targeted interventions are critical for improving QoL and mitigating the long-term burden of mental health challenges in RRMS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep16020039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Psychological Burden in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of Persistent Anxiety and Depression over a Six-Month Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7852-3647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Lourdes","family":"Bermello L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery of Lucus Augusti Hospital, 27004 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5515-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio Rub\u00e9n","family":"Pego P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Xo\u00e1n XXIII s\/n, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group CroniEduTec (Chronicity, Educational Innovation and Applied Health Technologies), Faculty of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"G\u00f3mez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery of Lucus Augusti Hospital, 27004 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7418-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Rosario","family":"Mar\u00edn Arn\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery of Lucus Augusti Hospital, 27004 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5113-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery of Lucus Augusti Hospital, 27004 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0503-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Irene","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery of Lucus Augusti Hospital, 27004 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5808-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group: GIBIOMED Group of Biomedical Research, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02555-7","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, anxiety and cognitive impairment: Emerging evidence in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Margoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. 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