{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:51:48Z","timestamp":1782399108702,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Applying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework, this study examined longitudinal associations among activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, participation, and well-being among community-dwelling older adults with ADL difficulty. Methods: We used five waves (2015\u20132019; Waves 5\u20139) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS; baseline n = 5346). Well-being was measured using 11 NHATS items spanning affect, life satisfaction, and perceived control\/self-efficacy. Participation was operationalized using five dichotomous indicators of engagement in common social and community activities. Autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation models were estimated using full-information maximum likelihood, and indirect associations were assessed with bootstrap standard errors. Results: We found that ADL limitations were associated with lower subsequent participation, while greater participation was associated with higher subsequent well-being across waves. Indirect associations linking ADL limitations to later well-being through participation were small and time-dependent. Discussion: Overall, the findings are consistent with an ICF-informed perspective in which participation is part of the longitudinal context linking activity limitations and well-being over time, although effect sizes were modest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep16070213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Participation and the Well-Being of Older Adults with ADL Disabilities: A Longitudinal Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Health, and Disability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amlak, B.T., Getinet, M., Getie, A., Kebede, W.M., Tarekegn, T.T., and Belay, D.G. 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