{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:07:13Z","timestamp":1789477633824,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nurs. Rep.","Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Clinical placements are central to nursing education, but students\u2019 experiences are shaped by the clinical learning environment, relationships with staff, autonomy, and assessment, as well as curricular design. This study explored nursing undergraduates\u2019 lived experiences of clinical placements at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), their perceptions of the current placement programme, and suggestions for improvement. Methods: A qualitative, interpretative, sequential study with a hermeneutic phenomenological orientation was conducted. Eligible third- and fourth-year nursing students were recruited during the 2025\/2026 academic year (N = 14). Phase 1 comprised ten individual semi-structured interviews, analysed inductively using ATLAS.ti, with descriptive co-occurrence patterns supporting the interpretative synthesis. Phase 2 consisted of a focus group with four additional students, with the data analysed deductively using the Phase 1 thematic framework. Results: Fifteen subthemes were organised into five themes: general experience, relationship with staff, autonomy and learning, structure and organisation, and assessment. Participants generally perceived their clinical placements positively, although experiences varied across settings. They associated satisfaction and learning with team inclusion, relationships with clinical staff, progressive autonomy, and supervision, while identifying challenges in placement organisation and assessment, particularly the reliance on written assignments rather than direct observation of clinical performance. Across both phases, participants\u2019 accounts reflected interconnected relational, educational, organisational, and assessment-related dimensions. Collective discussion further elaborated these experiences and potential improvements concerning supervision, placement organisation, and assessment. Conclusions: Nursing students\u2019 accounts suggested that clinical placement experiences reflected the interaction of relational, educational, organisational, and assessment-related dimensions. Collective reflection further elaborated these experiences and enabled potential improvements concerning supervision, placement organisation, and assessment to be discussed. These context-specific findings may inform future curricular review, although their transferability and the feasibility of the proposed improvements require evaluation in broader and more diverse student populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep16090337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:57:34Z","timestamp":1789473454000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceptions of Nursing Undergraduates Regarding Their Clinical Placements: A Qualitative Interpretative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zaida","family":"Santana-Casiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio-Alberto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Research Support Unit, Insular Maternal and Child University Hospital Complex, Canary Health Service, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Atl\u00e1ntico Medio (UNAM), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Mies-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Support Unit, Insular Maternal and Child University Hospital Complex, Canary Health Service, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Atl\u00e1ntico Medio (UNAM), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milagros","family":"de la Rosa-Hormiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1797-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candelaria de la Merced","family":"D\u00edaz-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.01.005","article-title":"Healthcare students\u2019 evaluation of the clinical learning environment and supervision: A cross-sectional study","volume":"62","author":"Oikarainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfcli.2023.02.003","article-title":"Percepci\u00f3n y satisfacci\u00f3n de los estudiantes de enfermer\u00eda con las pr\u00e1cticas cl\u00ednicas","volume":"33","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enferm. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2024.01.007","article-title":"Enhancing sense of belonging in nursing student clinical placements to advance learning and identity development","volume":"51","author":"Squire","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prof. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2024.07.012","article-title":"Prelicensure nursing students\u2019 perceptions of belongingness in clinical placements: A pilot study","volume":"59","author":"Carithers","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prof. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2023.11.004","article-title":"I changed my mind after my placement: The influence of clinical placement environment on career choices of final-year pre-registration nurses","volume":"31","author":"Anyango","year":"2024","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15060","article-title":"Final clinical practicum shapes the transition experience and occupational commitment of newly graduated nurses in Europe: A longitudinal study","volume":"77","author":"Kaihlanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-020-00496-6","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on preferred employment settings of final-year nursing students in Israel","volume":"18","author":"Sela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12494","article-title":"Facilitating the transition from a nursing student to a registered nurse in the final clinical practicum: A scoping literature review","volume":"32","author":"Kaihlanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papastavrou, E., Dimitriadou, M., Tsangari, H., and Andreou, C. (2016). Nursing students\u2019 satisfaction of the clinical learning environment: A research study. BMC Nurs., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-016-0164-4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105572","article-title":"A supportive clinical learning environment for undergraduate students in health sciences: An integrative review","volume":"119","author":"Pienaar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103732","article-title":"Instruments evaluating the quality of the clinical learning environment in nursing education: An updated systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Weerasekara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e2023256","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 evaluation of clinical learning environment and supervision models before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study","volume":"94","author":"Ferri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104983","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 evaluation of clinical practice placements using the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher scale: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Cant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namdari, S., Mousavi, S.K., Kamali, M., and Mollaei, F. (2026). Clinical instructors\u2019 leadership styles and their relationship with clinical belongingness among nursing students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Med. Educ., in press.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09845-w"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23779608261431019","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608261431019","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Arabic Belongingness Scale\u2013Clinical Placement Experience among nursing students","volume":"12","author":"Alfasfos","year":"2026","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"26","article-title":"Percepci\u00f3n de los estudiantes de enfermer\u00eda con las pr\u00e1cticas cl\u00ednicas durante la pandemia COVID-19","volume":"29","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cienc. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"264","article-title":"Nursing Degree students\u2019 perception about their clinical practice environment: A phenomenological study","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Enferm. Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2010.03571.x","article-title":"A systematic review of mentoring nursing students in clinical placements","volume":"20","author":"Jokelainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2022.103328","article-title":"Student nurses\u2019 experiences participating in a peer mentoring program in clinical placement studies: A metasynthesis","volume":"61","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., and Zhu, J. (2025). Nursing students\u2019 competence and perceived mentor assessment literacy: The mediating role of self-efficacy and gender bias. BMC Nurs., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03862-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15127","article-title":"Mentors\u2019 self-assessed competence in mentoring nursing students in clinical practice: A systematic review of quantitative studies","volume":"29","author":"Juntunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16347","article-title":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 experiences of required competencies in mentoring of interprofessional students in clinical practice: A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"81","author":"Juntunen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6136","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16746","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 experience of workplace violence in clinical practice: A qualitative systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Dafny","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16357","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions for the prevention or management of workplace violence in student nurses during clinical placement: A systematic review","volume":"81","author":"Dafny","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yosep, I., Fitria, N., Mardhiyah, A., Pahria, T., Yamin, A., and Hikmat, R. (2024). Experiences of bullying among nursing students during clinical practice: A scoping review of qualitative studies. BMC Nurs., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02439-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v38i2.1502","article-title":"Reflections on clinical practice whilst developing a portfolio of evidence: Perceptions of undergraduate nursing students in the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"38","author":"Ticha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curationis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15356","article-title":"Shall I tell my mentor? Exploring the mentor\u2013student relationship and its impact on students\u2019 raising concerns on clinical placement","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"97","article-title":"Reflection for the undergraduate on writing in the portfolio: Where are we now and where are we going?","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Educ. Prof."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23821205211000356","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205211000356","article-title":"A systematic scoping review on portfolios of medical educators","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Educ. Curric. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15642","article-title":"The connection of the clinical learning environment and supervision of nursing students with student satisfaction and future intention to work in clinical placement hospitals","volume":"30","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomsen, H.S., J\u00f8rgensen, B.E., Kynde Sch\u00f8tz, J., Bech, L.M., and Gr\u00f8nkj\u00e6r, L.L. (2024). Evaluation of a new concept to improve and organize clinical practice in nursing education: A pilot-study. BMC Nurs., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01888-y"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12855","article-title":"The relationship between clinical placement duration and students\u2019 satisfaction with the quality of supervision and learning environment: A mediation analysis","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2022.01.005","article-title":"A call to reform undergraduate nursing clinical placements","volume":"70","author":"Goers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2024.103877","article-title":"Students\u2019 evaluation of professional experience placement quality in a pre-registration nursing programme: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"75","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2026, July 21). Orden CIN\/2134\/2008, de 3 de Julio, Por la que se Establecen los Requisitos para la Verificaci\u00f3n de los T\u00edtulos Universitarios Oficiales que Habiliten para el Ejercicio de la Profesi\u00f3n de Enfermero. Bolet\u00edn Oficial del Estado, No. 174, 19 July 2008. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/diario_boe\/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12388."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of Practice: Meaning-Giving Methods in Phenomenological Research and Writing, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sampieri, R., and Mendoza Torres, C.P. (2018). Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n: Las Rutas Cuantitativa, Cualitativa y Mixta, McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lincoln, Y.S., and Guba, E.G. (1985). Establishing trustworthiness. Naturalistic Inquiry, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105724","article-title":"It\u2019s a hard process: Nursing students\u2019 lived experiences leading to dropping out of their education; A qualitative study","volume":"122","author":"Soerensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, F., Jin, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, J., Jin, C., Xu, F., Yang, S., Yao, M., Han, S., and He, H. (2025). Exploring nursing students\u2019 reality shock and professional behavioral development in clinical practice: A hermeneutic phenomenological study. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1490975"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103753","article-title":"Prevalence and levels of burnout in nursing students: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"72","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1319","article-title":"Academic burnout in nursing students: An explanatory sequential design","volume":"10","author":"Ghods","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep14030126","article-title":"Exploring burnout among nursing students in Bangalore: A t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis and hierarchical clustering in cross-sectional data","volume":"14","author":"Sebastian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.106065","article-title":"Modifiable factors contributing to belongingness of undergraduate nursing students in the clinical learning environment: An exploratory study","volume":"133","author":"Singer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106511","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 bullying experiences from instructors and nurses in the clinical practice: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"146","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Today"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e91265","article-title":"A diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) framework for addressing gender disparities in the nursing profession","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prosen, M., and \u010cekada, T. (2025). Nursing students\u2019 views on men in nursing: A gender diversity challenge in the healthcare workforce. BMC Nurs., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03521-y"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e4043","article-title":"Stigma and discrimination in sexually diverse nursing students: A qualitative study","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Cuid."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20240513-02","article-title":"Addressing challenges in undergraduate community health nursing clinical: Kolb\u2019s experiential learning theory","volume":"64","author":"Choshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15661","article-title":"Peer learning and collaborative placement models in health care: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Markowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23779608261417794","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608261417794","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability in a pre-graduation nursing objective structured clinical examination: A kappa and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa comparison of technical skill and communication items","volume":"12","author":"Yayama","year":"2026","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23779608231207217","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608231207217","article-title":"Development, validity and reliability of objective structured clinical examination in nursing students","volume":"9","author":"Chabrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70366","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.70366","article-title":"Structure and utility of e-portfolios for reflection and learning in healthcare professional education: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Claudia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Teach."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20180420-05","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 perceptions of participatory action research","volume":"57","author":"Csiernik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."}],"container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/16\/9\/337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:23:28Z","timestamp":1789475008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/16\/9\/337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nursrep16090337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep16090337","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}