{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:42:55Z","timestamp":1788921775754,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute On Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP1DA044359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1DA044359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"North Carolina State University Provost office","award":["DP1DA044359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1DA044359"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Organoids"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cerebral organoids are readily generated from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells and are useful in studying human neurodevelopment. Recent work with human cerebral organoids have explored the creation of different brain regions and the impacts of soluble and mechanical cues. Matrigel is a gelatinous, heterogenous mixture of extracellular matrix proteins, morphogens, and growth factors secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells. It is a core component of almost all cerebral organoid protocols, generally supporting neuroepithelial budding and tissue polarization; yet, its roles and effects beyond its general requirement in organoid protocols are not well understood, and its mode of delivery is variable, including the embedding of organoids within it or its delivery in soluble form. Given its widespread usage, we asked how H9 stem cell-derived hCO development and composition are affected by Matrigel dosage and delivery method. We found Matrigel exposure influences organoid size, morphology, and cell type composition. We also showed that greater amounts of Matrigel promote an increase in the number of choroid plexus (ChP) cells, and this increase is regulated by the BMP4 pathway. These results illuminate the effects of Matrigel on human cerebral organoid development and the importance of delivery mode and amount on organoid phenotype and composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/organoids2040013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:21:27Z","timestamp":1696497687000},"page":"165-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Matrigel Tunes H9 Stem Cell-Derived Human Cerebral Organoid Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4566-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Chris","family":"Estridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8958-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert J.","family":"Keung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1289-x","article-title":"Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"570","author":"Velasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz5626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz5626","article-title":"Human CNS barrier-forming organoids with cerebrospinal fluid production","volume":"369","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202944109","article-title":"Modeling human cortical development in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"109","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. 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