{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:45:36Z","timestamp":1761324336290,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Erziehung und Wissenschaft","award":["IP7 01KI1725D, PAC-CAMPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP7 01KI1725D, PAC-CAMPY"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIM, ZF4117908 AJ8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIM, ZF4117908 AJ8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human campylobacteriosis represents an infectious enteritis syndrome caused by Campylobacter species, mostly Campylobacter jejuni. Given that C. jejuni infections are rising worldwide and antibiotic treatment is usually not indicated, novel treatment options for campylobacteriosis are needed. Urolithin-A constitutes a metabolite produced by the human gut microbiota from ellagitannins and ellagic acids in berries and nuts which have been known for their health-beneficial including anti-inflammatory effects since centuries. Therefore, we investigated potential pathogen-lowering and immunomodulatory effects following oral application of synthetic urolithin-A during acute campylobacteriosis applying perorally C. jejuni infected, microbiota-depleted IL-10\u2212\/\u2212 mice as preclinical inflammation model. On day 6 post infection, urolithin-A treated mice harbored slightly lower pathogen loads in their ileum, but not colon as compared to placebo counterparts. Importantly, urolithin-A treatment resulted in an improved clinical outcome and less pronounced macroscopic and microscopic inflammatory sequelae of infection that were paralleled by less pronounced intestinal pro-inflammatory immune responses which could even be observed systemically. In conclusion, this preclinical murine intervention study provides first evidence that oral urolithin-A application is a promising treatment option for acute C. jejuni infection and paves the way for future clinical studies in human campylobacteriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T12:19:51Z","timestamp":1608725991000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Preclinical Evaluation of Oral Urolithin-A for the Treatment of Acute Campylobacteriosis in Campylobacter jejuni Infected Microbiota-Depleted IL-10\u2212\/\u2212 Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Soraya","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Weschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bereswill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6399-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus M.","family":"Heimesaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.32.10.990","article-title":"Acute diarrhoea: Campylobacter colitis and the role of rectal biopsy","volume":"32","author":"Price","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.1.81-94.1986","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Campylobacter enteritis","volume":"50","author":"Walker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005012","article-title":"Campylobacter","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1718","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni: Molecular biology and pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection","volume":"28","author":"Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, G. (2017). Chapter 1\u2014Human campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803623-5.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, S., Bereswill, S., and Heimesaat, M.M. (2020). Novel Clinical Campylobacter jejuni Infection Models Based on Sensitization of Mice to Lipooligosaccharide, a Major Bacterial Factor Triggering Innate Immune Responses in Human Campylobacteriosis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040482"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00897-09","article-title":"Activation of human and chicken toll-like receptors by Campylobacter spp.","volume":"78","author":"Keestra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282005","article-title":"Brief report: Shock and multiple-organ dysfunction after self-administration of Salmonella endotoxin","volume":"328","author":"Kaulbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.78","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni impairs sodium transport and epithelial barrier function via cytokine release in human colon","volume":"11","author":"Krug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.07.004","article-title":"Sialylation of Campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides is associated with severe gastro-enteritis and reactive arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Mortensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bereswill, S., Fischer, A., Plickert, R., Haag, L.M., Otto, B., Kuhl, A.A., Dasti, J.I., Zautner, A.E., Munoz, M., and Loddenkemper, C. (2011). Novel murine infection models provide deep insights into the \u201cmenage a trois\u201d of Campylobacter jejuni, microbiota and host innate immunity. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/5247af81-4595-44b7-9c3f-2e45ad85abfa"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1086\/649557","article-title":"Resilience to bacterial infection: Difference between species could be due to proteins in serum","volume":"201","author":"Warren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00833-06","article-title":"C57BL\/6 and congenic interleukin-10-deficient mice can serve as models of Campylobacter jejuni colonization and enteritis","volume":"75","author":"Mansfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl, M., Ries, J., Vermeulen, J., Yang, H., Sham, H.P., Crowley, S.M., Badayeva, Y., Turvey, S.E., Gaynor, E.C., and Li, X. (2014). A novel mouse model of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis reveals key pro-inflammatory and tissue protective roles for Toll-like receptor signaling during infection. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004264"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.9.945","article-title":"Campylobacter colitis: Histological immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings","volume":"26","author":"Duursma","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00055-07","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions in Campylobacter infections: The host perspective","volume":"21","author":"Janssen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag, L.M., Fischer, A., Otto, B., Plickert, R., Kuhl, A.A., Gobel, U.B., Bereswill, S., and Heimesaat, M.M. (2012). Campylobacter jejuni induces acute enterocolitis in gnotobiotic IL-10-\/- mice via Toll-like-receptor-2 and -4 signaling. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040761"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0306-9","article-title":"Immunopathological properties of the Campylobacter jejuni flagellins and the adhesin CadF as assessed in a clinical murine infection model","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770017","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1770017","article-title":"Peptidase PepP is a novel virulence factor of Campylobacter jejuni contributing to murine campylobacteriosis","volume":"12","author":"Heimesaat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00079","article-title":"Protease Activity of Campylobacter jejuni HtrA Modulates Distinct Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses in Infected Secondary Abiotic IL-10 Deficient Mice","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00077","article-title":"The role of serine protease HtrA in acute ulcerative enterocolitis and extra-intestinal immune responses during Campylobacter jejuni infection of gnotobiotic IL-10 deficient mice","volume":"4","author":"Heimesaat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59890-8","article-title":"Vitamin C alleviates acute enterocolitis in Campylobacter jejuni infected mice","volume":"10","author":"Mousavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, S., Lobo de Sa, F.D., Schulzke, J.D., Bucker, R., Bereswill, S., and Heimesaat, M.M. (2019). Vitamin D in Acute Campylobacteriosis-Results from an Intervention Study Applying a Clinical Campylobacter jejuni Induced Enterocolitis Model. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02094"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0343-4","article-title":"Carvacrol ameliorates acute campylobacteriosis in a clinical murine infection model","volume":"12","author":"Mousavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heimesaat, M.M., Mousavi, S., Kl\u00f8ve, S., Genger, C., Weschka, D., Tamas, A., Reglodi, D., and Bereswill, S. (2020). Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Alleviates Intestinal, Extra-Intestinal and Systemic Inflammatory Responses during Acute Campylobacter jejuni-induced Enterocolitis in Mice. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100805"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heimesaat, M.M., Mousavi, S., Kl\u00f8ve, S., Genger, C., Weschka, D., Giladi, E., Bereswill, S., and Gozes, I. (2020). Immune-modulatory Properties of the Octapeptide NAP in Campylobacter jejuni Infected Mice Suffering from Acute Enterocolitis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060802"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030810-153709","article-title":"Pomegranate as a functional food and nutraceutical source","volume":"2","author":"Johanningsmeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.17306\/J.AFS.2014.3.7","article-title":"The structure, occurrence and biological activity of ellagitannins: A general review","volume":"13","author":"Klewicka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.129371","article-title":"Potent health effects of pomegranate","volume":"3","author":"Zarfeshany","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500901","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500901","article-title":"Urolithins, the rescue of \u201cold\u201d metabolites to understand a \u201cnew\u201d concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status","volume":"61","author":"Selma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.04.012","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate extract and its metabolite urolithin-A in a colitis rat model and the effect of colon inflammation on phenolic metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Larrosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esp\u00edn de Gea, J.C., Larrosa, M., Garc\u00eda-Conesa, M.T., and Tom\u00e1s Barber\u00e1n, F. (2013). Biological Significance of Urolithins, the Gut Microbial Ellagic Acid-Derived Metabolites: The Evidence So Far. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/270418"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1sedas, G., Les, F., Choya-Foces, C., Hugo, M., and L\u00f3pez, V. (2020). The metabolite urolithin-A ameliorates oxidative stress in Neuro-2a Cells, becoming a potential neuroprotective agent. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020177"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500264","article-title":"Urolithins, gut microbiota-derived metabolites of ellagitannins, inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages","volume":"59","author":"Piwowarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobowska, A., Granica, S., Filipek, A., Melzig, M.F., Moeslinger, T., Zentek, J., Kruk, A., and Piwowarski, J.P. (2020). Comparative studies of urolithins and their phase II metabolites on macrophage and neutrophil functions. Eur. J. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02386-y"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194508","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5194508","article-title":"Ellagic Acid-Derived Urolithins as Modulators of Oxidative Stress","volume":"2020","author":"Djedjibegovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, P., Yeoh, B.S., Singh, R., Chandrasekar, B., Vemula, P.K., Haribabu, B., Vijay-Kumar, M., and Jala, V.R. (2016). Gut microbiota conversion of dietary ellagic acid into bioactive phytoceutical urolithin A inhibits heme peroxidases. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156811"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8785","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteria aggravate murine small intestinal Th1-type immunopathology following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"177","author":"Heimesaat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf222","article-title":"Bactericidal activity of phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia kurome","volume":"50","author":"Nagayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327914nc5401_4","article-title":"Berry phenolics: Antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action against severe human pathogens","volume":"54","author":"Nohynek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0633-9492","article-title":"A pharmacological update of ellagic acid","volume":"84","author":"Giner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i23.3170","article-title":"Potential of the ellagic acid-derived gut microbiota metabolite\u2013Urolithin A in gastrointestinal protection","volume":"26","author":"Kujawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07859-7","article-title":"Enhancement of the gut barrier integrity by a microbial metabolite through the Nrf2 pathway","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675957","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1675957","article-title":"Coumarins as Modulators of the Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE Signaling Pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Hassanein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.06.023","article-title":"Urolithin A attenuates pro-inflammatory mediator production by suppressing PI3-K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB and JNK\/AP-1 signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264 macrophages: Possible involvement of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species","volume":"833","author":"Komatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03285","article-title":"Urolithins attenuate LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV2Microglia via MAPK, Akt, and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.042","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni induces colitis through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling","volume":"142","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-18-0464","article-title":"Urolithin A, a novel natural compound to target PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in pancreatic cancer","volume":"18","author":"Totiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01332F","article-title":"Urolithin A targets the PI3K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB pathways and prevents IL-1\u03b2-induced inflammatory response in human osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2011.07.086","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ellagitannin metabolite urolithin A","volume":"21","author":"Ishimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00298G","article-title":"Tissue deconjugation of urolithin A glucuronide to free urolithin A in systemic inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Espin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.050","article-title":"Safety assessment of Urolithin A, a metabolite produced by the human gut microbiota upon dietary intake of plant derived ellagitannins and ellagic acid","volume":"108","author":"Heilman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00397","article-title":"Immune responses to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation in mice","volume":"8","author":"Ekmekciu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1556\/EuJMI.3.2013.3.4","article-title":"Survey of extra-intestinal immune responses in asymptomatic long-term Campylobacter jejuni-infected mice","volume":"3","author":"Heimesaat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. (Bp)"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"4557","article-title":"A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models","volume":"7","author":"Erben","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.023","article-title":"The octapetide NAP alleviates intestinal and extra-intestinal anti-inflammatory sequelae of acute experimental colitis","volume":"101","author":"Heimesaat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.04.026","article-title":"Methods to detect nitric oxide and its metabolites in biological samples","volume":"43","author":"Bryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/1\/7\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:49:04Z","timestamp":1760179744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/1\/7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10010007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10010007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}