{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:17:58Z","timestamp":1793305078848,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic to South Africa (RSA), it has only become recognized as a significant cause of neurological disease in humans and horses locally in the past 2 decades, as it emerged globally. This article describes the epidemiological and clinical presentation of WNV in horses across RSA during 2016\u20132017. In total, 54 WNV-positive cases were identified by passive surveillance in horses with febrile and\/or neurological signs at the Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria. They were followed up and compared to 120 randomly selected WNV-negative controls with the same case definition and during the same time period. Of the WNV-positive cases, 52% had fever, 92% displayed neurological signs, and 39% experienced mortality. Cases occurred mostly in WNV-unvaccinated horses &lt;5 years old, during late summer and autumn after heavy rain, in the temperate to warm eastern parts of RSA. WNV-positive cases that had only neurological signs without fever were more likely to die. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of WNV infection were associated with season (late summer), higher altitude, more highly purebred animals, younger age, and failure to vaccinate against WNV. Vaccination is currently the most effective prophylactic measure to reduce WNV morbidity and mortality in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1609359221000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses in South Africa, 2016\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freude-Mari\u00e9","family":"Bertram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter N.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietjie","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy provided by a Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine West Nile Virus vaccine against an experimental West Nile Virus intrathecal challenge in horses","volume":"7","author":"Siger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. 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