{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:12Z","timestamp":1790804952058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The objective evaluation of the olfactory function of coronavirus disease 2019 patients is difficult because of logistical and operator-safety problems. For this reason, in the literature, the data obtained from psychophysical tests are few and based on small case series. Methods: A multicenter, cohort study conducted in seven European hospitals between March 22 and August 20, 2020. The Sniffin-Sticks test and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center orthonasal olfaction test were used to objectively evaluate the olfactory function. Results: This study included 774 patients, of these 481 (62.1%) presented olfactory dysfunction (OD): 280 were hyposmic and 201 were anosmic. There was a significant difference between self-reported anosmia\/hyposmia and psychophysical test results (p = 0.006). Patients with gastroesophageal disorders reported a significantly higher probability of presenting hyposmia (OR 1.86; p = 0.015) and anosmia (OR 2.425; p &lt; 0.001). Fever, chest pain, and phlegm significantly increased the likelihood of having hyposmia but not anosmia or an olfactory disturbance. In contrast, patients with dyspnea, dysphonia, and severe-to-critical COVID-19 were significantly more likely to have no anosmia, while these symptoms had no effect on the risk of developing hyposmia or an OD. Conclusions: Psychophysical assessment represents a significantly more accurate assessment tool for olfactory function than patient self-reported clinical outcomes. Olfactory disturbances appear to be largely independent from the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the patients. The non-association with rhinitis symptoms and the high prevalence as a presenting symptom make olfactory disturbances an important symptom in the differential diagnosis between COVID-19 and common flu.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10010062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1610482291000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Psychophysical Evaluation of the Olfactory Function: European Multicenter Study on 774 COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, PhD School of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Khalife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B 7000 Baudour, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Petrocelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Bellaria and Maggiore Hospital, 40100 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Distinguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8110-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cucurullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Department, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Doneddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4090-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Antonio","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (Salerno), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Biglioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Department, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Journe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6609-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Fausto","family":"Piana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, PhD School of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7201-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Riu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, PhD School of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692","article-title":"Ageusia and anosmia: Common findings in COVID-19 patients","volume":"130","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopkins, C., Surda, P., Vaira, L.A., Lechien, J.R., Safarian, M., Saussez, S., and Kumar, N. 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