{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:04:33Z","timestamp":1791421473900,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":378,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNIVERSAL-00998\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNIVERSAL-00998\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["426950\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["426950\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin is the largest organ in the human body, acting as a physical and immunological barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. The cutaneous lesions constitute a gateway for microbial contamination that can lead to chronic wounds and other invasive infections. Chronic wounds are considered as serious public health problems due the related social, psychological and economic consequences. The group of bacteria known as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter sp.) are among the most prevalent bacteria in cutaneous infections. These pathogens have a high level of incidence in hospital environments and several strains present phenotypes of multidrug resistance. In this review, we discuss some important aspects of skin immunology and the involvement of ESKAPE in wound infections. First, we introduce some fundamental aspects of skin physiology and immunology related to cutaneous infections. Following this, the major virulence factors involved in colonization and tissue damage are highlighted, as well as the most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance genes. ESKAPE pathogens express several virulence determinants that overcome the skin\u2019s physical and immunological barriers, enabling them to cause severe wound infections. The high ability these bacteria to acquire resistance is alarming, particularly in the hospital settings where immunocompromised individuals are exposed to these pathogens. Knowledge about the virulence and resistance markers of these species is important in order to develop new strategies to detect and treat their associated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T05:44:42Z","timestamp":1612244682000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Interplay between ESKAPE Pathogens and Immunity in Skin Infections: An Overview of the Major Determinants of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues","family":"Vale de Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle Damasceno Evangelista","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elane Rodrigues","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glauciane Viera","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Silva Pereira","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor Lopes","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Noguera","family":"Baz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Odontologia, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Silva dos Santos","family":"Alian\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Gest\u00e3o de Programas e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2116-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita de C\u00e1ssia Mendon\u00e7a de","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Meio Ambiente, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrielle","family":"Zagmignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea de Souza","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia Aplicada, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4206-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Nascimento da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Odontologia, Universidade CEUMA, 65075-120 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12603","article-title":"Health economic burden that different wound types impose on the UK\u2019s National Health Service","volume":"14","author":"Guest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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