{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:20:48Z","timestamp":1783596048373,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31801662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31801662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus suis causes disease in pigs and is implicated increasingly in human disease worldwide. Although most clinical cases are associated with serotype 2, infections by other serotypes have sometimes been reported. Here, we sequenced the genome of a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 28 (strain 11313) and a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 31 (strain 11LB5). Strain 11313 was apathogenic in mouse infection models, whereas strain 11LB5 displayed ganglion demyelination, meningeal thickening, congestion, mononuclear cell infiltration, massive proliferation of cortical glial cells, and bacteria (&gt;104 CFU\/g) in the spinal cord and ganglia in mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry found that the heavily infiltrated glial cells were astrocytes. Strain 11313 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), optrA, tet(l), tet(o), and strain 11LB5 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(40), tet(o\/w\/32\/o), aac(6\u2032)-aph(2\u2033). Mouse studies showed that strain 11LB5 exhibited a similar virulence to serotype 2 strain 700794, highlighting the need for surveillance of the other serotype S. suis isolates, in addition to serotype 2, in farms. This is the first report of the aminoglycoside resistance gene ant(6)-Ia in S. suis from animals. This suggests that S. suis might serve as an antibiotic resistance reservoir, which spreads the resistance gene ant(6)-Ia or optrA to other streptococcal pathogens on farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T04:23:10Z","timestamp":1613449390000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Strain Characterization of Streptococcus suis Serotypes 28 and 31, Which Harbor the Resistance Genes optrA and ant(6)-Ia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7020-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenggang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0514","article-title":"Capsular serotypes, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs in Korea","volume":"79","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athey, T.B., Teatero, S., Lacouture, S., Takamatsu, D., Gottschalk, M., and Fittipaldi, N. (2016). Determining Streptococcus suis serotype from short-read whole-genome sequencing data. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0782-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.001","article-title":"Reappraisal of the taxonomy of Streptococcus suis serotypes 20, 22, 26, and 33 based on DNA-DNA homology and sodA and recN phylogenies","volume":"162","author":"Tien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.01.003","article-title":"Biochemical analysis, cpn60 and 16S rDNA sequence data indicate that Streptococcus suis serotypes 32 and 34, isolated from pigs, are Streptococcus orisratti","volume":"107","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00235","article-title":"Streptococcus suis, an Emerging Drug-Resistant Animal and Human Pathogen","volume":"2","author":"Palmieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e45","article-title":"Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing","volume":"3","author":"Auger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"173","article-title":"Genetic diversity and virulence of novel sequence types of Streptococcus suis from diseased and healthy pigs in China","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14591","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus suis strains from swine in Jiangsu province, China","volume":"128","author":"Huan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-012-0275-4","article-title":"Characterization of Streptococcus suis isolates from slaughter swine","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302386","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/302386","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of 89K pathogenicity island-positive ST-7 strains of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 from healthy pigs, Northeast China","volume":"2012","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00274","article-title":"ICESsuHN105, a Novel Multiple Antibiotic Resistant ICE in Streptococcus suis Serotype 5 Strain HN105","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108534","article-title":"Diversity of serotypes and new cps loci variants among Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs in Poland and Belarus","volume":"240","author":"Bojarska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatrongjit, R., Kerdsin, A., Gottschalk, M., Takeuchi, D., Hamada, S., Oishi, K., and Akeda, Y. (2015). First human case report of sepsis due to infection with Streptococcus suis serotype 31 in Thailand. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1136-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9835","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09835","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a native avirulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2: A perspective for vaccine development","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03411-13","article-title":"Development of a two-step multiplex PCR assay for typing of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of Streptococcus suis","volume":"52","author":"Okura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1750-1756.1999","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the cps locus of Streptococcus suis serotype 2: The capsule protects against phagocytosis and is an important virulence factor","volume":"67","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02394.x","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the capsular polysaccharide synthesis locus in 15 Streptococcus suis serotypes","volume":"324","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03742-12","article-title":"Genetic analysis of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters from all serotypes of Streptococcus suis: Potential mechanisms for generation of capsular variation","volume":"79","author":"Okura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.10.3671-3680.2002","article-title":"Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen Streptococcus suis: Identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange","volume":"40","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seele, J., Nau, R., Prajeeth, C.K., Stangel, M., Valentin-Weigand, P., and Seitz, M. (2016). Astrocytes Enhance Streptococcus suis-Glial Cell Interaction in Primary Astrocyte-Microglial Cell Co-Cultures. Pathogens, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5020043"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.01.005","article-title":"Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity","volume":"28","author":"Farina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340605","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/340605","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among Campylobacter","volume":"2013","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120303014","article-title":"Characterization of aminoglycoside resistance and virulence genes among Enterococcus spp. isolated from a hospital in China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2018.1145","article-title":"High level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci in hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in Mansoura, Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5892","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez288","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from layer parent stock","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0203-z","article-title":"Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility in Lactobacillus isolates from chickens","volume":"9","author":"Dec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.08.019","article-title":"A novel genomic island harbouring lsa(E) and lnu(B) genes and a defective prophage in a Streptococcus pyogenes isolate resistant to lincosamide, streptogramin A and pleuromutilin antibiotics","volume":"54","author":"Berbel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00629-12","article-title":"Characterization of a Streptococcus suis tet(O\/W\/32\/O)-carrying element transferable to major streptococcal pathogens","volume":"56","author":"Palmieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.04.003","article-title":"Identification and pathogenicity of an XDR Streptococcus suis isolate that harbours the phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA and cfr, and the bacitracin resistance locus bcrABDR","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv116","article-title":"A novel gene, optrA, that confers transferable resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols and its presence in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of human and animal origin","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.07.030","article-title":"Distribution of optrA and cfr in florfenicol-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri of pig origin","volume":"210","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez403","article-title":"Genetic characterization of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from retail chicken meat","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13368.x","article-title":"Presence of erm gene classes in gram-positive bacteria of animal and human origin in Denmark","volume":"170","author":"Jensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, M.F., Tan, J., Zeng, Y.B., Li, H.Q., Yang, Q., and Zhou, R. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs from 2017 to 2019 in Jiangxi Province, China. J. Appl. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14831"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/2\/213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:24:39Z","timestamp":1760160279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/2\/213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10020213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10020213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}}}