{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:54:23Z","timestamp":1760234063296,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GINOP","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00012."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00012."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The associations between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and pulmonary infections remains controversial. Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) accounts for asthma exacerbations; however, there are no data regarding ICS effects on C. pneumoniae infections. Thus, we investigated whether fluticasone propionate (FP) or budesonide (BUD) could affect C. pneumoniae infection in vitro and in vivo, focusing on the possible mechanisms that lead to potential anti-chlamydial outcomes. We performed direct qPCR to detect C. pneumoniae growth in infected, FP-treated, and BUD-treated A549 cells. Furthermore, FP or BUD was administered by inhalation to C. pneumoniae-infected mice. The recoverable C. pneumoniae was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Expression levels of interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b3 inducible chemokines were assessed by qPCR. We measured the protein concentrations of IFN-\u03b3 and of other cytokines that potentially participate in the anti-chlamydial response by ELISA. We found that FP treatment suppressed Chlamydia growth in A549 cells and in mice. Higher levels of IFN-\u03b3 gene expression were observed in FP-treated mice compared to the untreated and BUD-treated mice (p &lt; 0.0001). IFN-\u03b3 and anti-chlamydial protein MIG\/CXCL9 values were significantly higher after FP inhalation. Collectively, FP, but not BUD, suppressed C. pneumoniae growth in vitro and in vivo, which was likely due to the enhanced IFN-\u03b3 related responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1615765926000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beneficial Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluticasone Propionate in Chlamydia pneumoniae-Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-6789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00f3ra","family":"Par\u00f3czai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University of Szeged, Alkotm\u00e1ny str. 36., 6772 Deszk, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m sqr. 10., 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Sejben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, \u00c1llom\u00e1s str. 1., 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"K\u00f3kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m sqr. 10., 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dezs\u0151 P.","family":"Virok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m sqr. 10., 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Endr\u00e9sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m sqr. 10., 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Buri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m sqr. 10., 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-9990-8","article-title":"Inhaled Corticosteroid Use and the Risk of Pneumonia and COPD Exacerbations in the UPLIFT Study","volume":"195","author":"Morjaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61250-2","article-title":"Budesonide and the Risk of Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data","volume":"374","author":"Sin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-0871","article-title":"Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Risk of Pneumonia in People with Asthma: A Case-Control Study","volume":"144","author":"McKeever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S143656","article-title":"Scientific Rationale for the Possible Inhaled Corticosteroid Intraclass Difference in the Risk of Pneumonia in COPD","volume":"12","author":"Janson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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