{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:18:50Z","timestamp":1792466330085,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive antibiotic abuse and poor stewardship. MDR isolates are associated with medical history of long hospitalization stays, presence of catheters, and mechanical ventilation, while immunocompromised and severely ill hosts predispose to invasive infections. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized diagnosis of severe A. baumannii infections, contributing to timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic regimens according to the identification of the respective resistance genes. The aim of this review is to describe in detail all current knowledge on the genetic background of A. baumannii resistance mechanisms in humans as regards beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and beta-lactamase inhibitors), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, polymyxins, and others (amphenicols, oxazolidinones, rifamycins, fosfomycin, diaminopyrimidines, sulfonamides, glycopeptide, and lipopeptide antibiotics). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance refer mainly to regulation of antibiotic transportation through bacterial membranes, alteration of the antibiotic target site, and enzymatic modifications resulting in antibiotic neutralization. Virulence factors that may affect antibiotic susceptibility profiles and confer drug resistance are also being discussed. Reports from cases of A. baumannii coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of resistance profiles and MDR genes have been investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":616,"title":["Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyriakidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4064-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Vasileiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi Dorothea","family":"Pana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, European University, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4294-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tragiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub Moubareck, C., and Hammoudi Halat, D. (2020). Insights into Acinetobacter baumannii: A Review of Microbiological, Virulence, and Resistance Traits in a Threatening Nosocomial Pathogen. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9030119"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrancianu, C.O., Gheorghe, I., Czobor, I.B., and Chifiriuc, M.C. (2020). Antibiotic resistance profiles, molecular mechanisms and innovative treatment strategies of acinetobacter baumannii. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060935"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-07","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a successful pathogen","volume":"21","author":"Peleg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy-Blitchtein, S., Roca, I., Plasencia-Rebata, S., Vicente-Taboada, W., Vel\u00e1squez-Pomar, J., Mu\u00f1oz, L., Moreno-Morales, J., Pons, M.J., Del Valle-Mendoza, J., and Vila, J. (2018). Emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii international clones II and III in Lima, Peru article. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0127-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.021","article-title":"Genetics, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of multidrugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"104","author":"Nasr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398388","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: Evolution of antimicrobial resistance-treatment options","volume":"36","author":"Doi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"129","article-title":"Candidemia complicating biliary atresia in an infant with hemoglobinopathy","volume":"54","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. Pediatri. Ars."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.09.012","article-title":"The global prevalence of multidrug-resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii causing hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia and its associated mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Liew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance in the EU\/EEA (EARS-Net)\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report 2019, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30414-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of common resistant bacterial pathogens in the countries of the Arab League","volume":"18","author":"Moghnieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S521","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz824","article-title":"Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Carbapenem Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria","volume":"69","author":"Nordmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.014","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: In pursuit of an effective treatment","volume":"25","author":"Piperaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000518","article-title":"Managing Acinetobacter baumannii infections","volume":"32","author":"Timsit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01520-6","article-title":"Treatment options for K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii co-resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, polymyxins and tigecycline: An approach based on the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems","volume":"48","author":"Karakonstantis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulani, M.S., Kamble, E.E., Kumkar, S.N., Tawre, M.S., and Pardesi, K.R. (2019). Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00539"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3380","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"13","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800961115","article-title":"Structural basis for Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation","volume":"115","author":"Pakharukova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.H., Su, P.W., Moi, S.H., and Chuang, L.Y. (2019). Biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii: Genotype-phenotype correlation. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101849"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12739","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospital-acquired infection: Biofilm production and drug susceptibility","volume":"125","author":"Chmielarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.6.1.1","article-title":"The bacterial cell wall as a source of antibacterial targets","volume":"6","author":"Green","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1789","article-title":"An increasing threat in hospitals: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Dijkshoorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1980.0049","article-title":"The structure of beta-lactamases","volume":"289","author":"Ambler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.002","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactamases and \u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitors in the 21st Century","volume":"431","author":"Tooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01600-06","article-title":"Identification of the Novel Narrow-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase SCO-1 in Acinetobacter spp. from Argentina","volume":"51","author":"Poirel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"11","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Definition, classification and epidemiology","volume":"17","author":"Ghafourian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2018.1492207","article-title":"Molecular characterization of plasmid-encoded blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M among extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases [ESBLs] producing Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"75","author":"Smiline","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00773-10","article-title":"Carbapenem-hydrolyzing GES-type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"55","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00072-09","article-title":"GES-11, a novel integron-associated GES variant in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"53","author":"Moubareck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01795-10","article-title":"PER-7, an extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase with increased activity toward broad-spectrum cephalosporins in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"55","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.8.3542-3547.2003","article-title":"Outbreak of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase VEB-1-producing isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in a French hospital","volume":"41","author":"Poirel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1139\/w03-111","article-title":"Cefotaximases (CTX-M-ases), an expanding family of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000289","article-title":"Genetic environment of the KPC gene in Acinetobacter baumannii ST2 clone from Puerto Rico and genomic insights into its drug resistance","volume":"65","author":"Martinez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70056-1","article-title":"Metallo-\u03b2-lactamases: A last frontier for \u03b2-lactams?","volume":"11","author":"Cornaglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"5","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of four phenotypic tests for detection of Metallo-\u03b2-lactamase and Carbapenemase production in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"8","author":"Shivaprasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01670-07","article-title":"Hidden VIM-1 metallo-\u03b2-lactamase phenotypes among Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates","volume":"46","author":"Ikonomidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"171","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic detection of metallo-beta-lactamases in Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"11","author":"Moulana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S., Datta, S., Roy, S., Ramanan, L., Saha, A., Viswanathan, R., Som, T., and Basu, S. (2016). Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and other Acinetobacter spp. causing neonatal sepsis: Focus on NDM-1 and its linkage to ISAba125. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01126"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S196575","article-title":"Association of the genes encoding metallo-\u03b2-lactamase with the presence of integrons among multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"12","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"965","article-title":"Microbiological and molecular detection of VIM-1 metallo beta lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, C., Ayala, J.A., Bonomo, R.A., Gonz\u00e1lez, L.J., and Vila, A.J. (2019). Protein determinants of dissemination and host specificity of metallo-\u03b2-lactamases. Nat. Commun., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11615-w"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01320.x","article-title":"Cephalosporinase over-expression resulting from insertion of ISAba1 in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"12","author":"Poirel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt233","article-title":"ISAba1 targets a specific position upstream of the intrinsic ampC gene of Acinetobacter baumannii leading to cephalosporin resistance","volume":"68","author":"Hamidian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.044156-0","article-title":"Role of ISAba1 and ISAba125 in governing the expression of bla ADC in clinically relevant Acinetobacter baumannii strains resistant to cephalosporins","volume":"61","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks345","article-title":"Horizontal transfer of an ISAba125-activated ampC gene between Acinetobacter baumannii strains leading to cephalosporin resistance","volume":"68","author":"Hamidian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt312","article-title":"Tn6168, a transposon carrying an ISAba1-activated ampC gene and conferring cephalosporin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"69","author":"Hamidian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couchoud, C., Bertrand, X., Valot, B., and Hocquet, D. (2020). Deciphering the role of insertion sequences in the evolution of bacterial epidemic pathogens with panisa software. Microb. Genom., 6.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000356"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00427-10","article-title":"Genetic and functional variability of AmpC-type \u03b2-lactamases from Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"54","author":"Poirel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00704-11","article-title":"Extended-spectrum AmpC cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii: ADC-56 confers resistance to cefepime","volume":"55","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2020.01.002","article-title":"Distribution of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with blaADC-30 and induction of ADC-30 in response to beta-lactam antibiotics","volume":"171","author":"Ingti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, S.C., Lee, Y.T., Lauderdale, T.L.Y., Huang, W.C., Chuang, M.F., Chen, C.P., Su, S.C., Lee, K.R., and Chen, T.L. (2015). Contribution of Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase-30 to sulbactam resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00231"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M115.051052","article-title":"Comparative phosphoproteomics reveals the role of AmpC \u03b2-lactamase phosphorylation in the clinical imipenem-resistant strain Acinetobacter baumannii SK17","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3030398","article-title":"Acquired class D \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"3","author":"Antunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01512-08","article-title":"Diversity, epidemiology, and genetics of class D \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"54","author":"Poirel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, M.H.-Y., Chan, B.K.-W., Chan, E.W.-C., and Chen, S. (2019). Over-Expression of ISAba1-Linked Intrinsic and Exogenously Acquired OXA Type Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing-Class D-\u00df-Lactamase-Encoding Genes Is Key Mechanism Underlying Carbapenem Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02809"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.033","article-title":"OXA-23 and ISAba1\u2013OXA-66 class D \u03b2-lactamases in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from companion animals","volume":"49","author":"Ewers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.02.010","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of carbapenemases in urban pigeon droppings in France and Algeria","volume":"9","author":"Morakchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00435-12","article-title":"OmpA is the principal nonspecific slow porin of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"194","author":"Sugawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01679-2","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a major 40 kDa outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"443","author":"Jyothisri","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02101-13","article-title":"Role of OmpA in the multidrug resistance phenotype of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"58","author":"Smani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00168","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii OmpA Is a Selective Antibiotic Permeant Porin","volume":"4","author":"Iyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx257","article-title":"Outer membrane protein A contributes to antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii through the OmpA-like domain","volume":"72","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.9b00021","article-title":"In Vivo Cross-Linking MS Reveals Conservation in OmpA Linkage to Different Classes of \u03b2-Lactamase Enzymes","volume":"31","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4776-4778.2002","article-title":"Loss of a 29-kilodalton outer membrane protein in Acinetobacter baumannii is associated with imipenem resistance","volume":"40","author":"Limansky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1432-1440.2005","article-title":"Acquisition of resistance to carbapenems in multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: Natural insertional inactivation of a gene encoding a member of a novel family of \u03b2-barrel outer membrane proteins","volume":"49","author":"Mussi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.10.063","article-title":"CarO, an Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein involved in carbapenem resistance, is essential for l-ornithine uptake","volume":"581","author":"Mussi","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4736","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01533-10","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and assortative recombination within the Acinetobacter baumannii clinical population provide genetic diversity at the single carO gene, encoding a major outer membrane protein channel","volume":"193","author":"Mussi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriolnal. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2009.0828","article-title":"Loss of the 29-kilodalton outer membrane protein in the presence of OXA-51-like enzymes in Acinetobacter baumannii is associated with decreased imipenem susceptibility","volume":"15","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.020","article-title":"ISAba36 inserted into the outer membrane protein gene carO and associated with the carbapenemase gene blaOXA-24-like in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"15","author":"Khorsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L.J., Chen, X.Y., and Hou, P.F. (2019). Mutation of CarO participates in drug resistance in imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22976"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.03.016","article-title":"Small-molecule transport by CarO, an abundant eight-stranded \u03b2-barrel outer membrane protein from Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"427","author":"Zahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-245","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Brazil: Role of carO alleles expression and blaOXA-23 gene","volume":"13","author":"Fonseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr267","article-title":"Structure-function relationships of CarO, the carbapenem resistance-associated outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"66","author":"Coadou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4876-4883.2005","article-title":"Channel formation by CarO, the carbapenem resistance-associated outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"49","author":"Siroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03626-14","article-title":"AbuO, a tolc-like outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter baumannii, is involved in antimicrobial and oxidative stress resistance","volume":"59","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.2.245","article-title":"Imipenem resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii: Association with reduced expression of a 33-36 kDa outer membrane protein","volume":"38","author":"Clark","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5172-5175.2005","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of the gene encoding the 33- to 36-kilodalton outer membrane protein associated with carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"49","author":"Beceiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2015.12.009","article-title":"Structural Insights into Outer Membrane Permeability of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"24","author":"Zahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06022-11","article-title":"Deciphering the function of the outer membrane protein OprD homologue of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"56","author":"Molle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA117.000107","article-title":"Deciphering multifactorial resistance phenotypes in Acinetobacter baumannii by genomics and targeted label-free proteomics","volume":"17","author":"Cecchini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cellul Proteom."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.06.008","article-title":"Differential susceptibility to carbapenems due to the AdeABC efflux pump among nosocomial outbreak isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in a Chinese hospital","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawkey, J., Ascher, D.B., Judd, L.M., Wick, R.R., Kostoulias, X., Cleland, H., Spelman, D.W., Padiglione, A., Peleg, A.Y., and Holt, K.E. (2018). Evolution of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii during a prolonged infection. Microb. Genom., 4.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000165"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3375-3380.2001","article-title":"Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division-Type Efflux Pump Involved in Aminoglycoside Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Strain BM4454","volume":"45","author":"Magnet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl509","article-title":"Porins, efflux pumps and multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"59","author":"Vila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3298-3304.2004","article-title":"Expression of the RND-type efflux pump AdeABC in Acinetobacter baumannii is regulated by the AdeRS two-component system","volume":"48","author":"Marchand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leus, I.V., Weeks, J.W., Bonifay, V., Smith, L., Richardson, S., and Zgurskaya, H.I. (2018). Substrate specificities and efflux efficiencies of RND efflux pumps of Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Bacteriol., 200.","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00049-18"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000335599","article-title":"Study of the correlation of imipenem resistance with efflux pumps AdeABC, AdeIJK, AdeDE and AbeM in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"58","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, E.J., Chabane, Y.N., Goussard, S., Snesrud, E., Courvalin, P., D\u00e9, E., and Grillot-Courvalin, C. (2015). Contribution of resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux systems to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. mBio, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00309-15"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00105.x","article-title":"The penicillin-binding proteins: Structure and role in peptidoglycan biosynthesis","volume":"32","author":"Sauvage","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2007.00095.x","article-title":"Penicillin-binding proteins and \u03b2-lactam resistance","volume":"32","author":"Zapun","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5907","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00459-11","article-title":"Analysis of genes encoding penicillin-binding proteins in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"55","author":"Espinal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1159\/000238887","article-title":"Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumanii is due to altered penicillin-binding proteins","volume":"37","author":"Gehrlein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1021\/pr101012s","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis of cell wall and plasma membrane fractions from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg097","article-title":"Relationship between \u03b2-lactamase production, outer membrane protein and penicillin-binding protein profiles on the activity of carbapenems against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"51","author":"Conejo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"332","article-title":"Analysis of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"133","author":"Vashist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060372s","article-title":"Global comparison of the membrane subproteomes between a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain and a reference strain","volume":"5","author":"Siroy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2021, March 05). Pathogen Detection Microbial Browser for Identification of Genetic and Genomic Elements (MicroBIGG-E)\u2014Pathogen Detection\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pathogens\/microbigge\/#."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez, R., Solano-G\u00e1lvez, S.G., Vignon-Whaley, J.J.J., Vaamonde, J.A.A., Alonzo, L.A.P., Res\u00e9ndiz, A.R., \u00c1lvarez, M.M., L\u00f3pez, E.N.V., Franyuti-Kelly, G., and \u00c1lvarez-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.A. (2020). Acinetobacter baumannii resistance: A real challenge for clinicians. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040205"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MD00344J","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics: Overview and perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Labby","year":"2016","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.08.003","article-title":"Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes","volume":"13","author":"Ramirez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2350","article-title":"Characterization of the chromosomal aminoglycoside 2\u2019-N- acetyltransferase gene from Mycobacterium fortuitum","volume":"40","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2844","article-title":"Identification of antibiotic resistance genes in the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain, MDR-SHH02, using whole-genome sequencing","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.09.012","article-title":"Comprehensive study to investigate the role of various aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"23","author":"Sheikhalizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-005-0279-0","article-title":"Molecular understanding of aminoglycoside action and resistance","volume":"70","author":"Jana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Silva, P.M., and Kumar, A. (2019). Signal transduction proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii: Role in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and potential as drug targets. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00049"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Bilya, S.R., and Xu, W. (2019). adeABC efflux gene in Acinetobacter baumannii. New Microbes New Infect., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100549"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, A., Zhu, H., Gao, B., Weng, H., Ding, Z., Li, M., Weng, X., and He, G. (2020). Diagnosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii through next-generation sequencing: A case report. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4733-5"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00594-16","article-title":"rRNA binding sites and the molecular mechanism of action of the tetracyclines","volume":"60","author":"Chukwudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw304","article-title":"Mosaic tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins","volume":"71","author":"Warburton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.09.020","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii A1296 (ST1469) with a small plasmid harbouring the tet(39) tetracycline resistance gene","volume":"11","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00730-13","article-title":"Contribution of efflux pumps, porins, and \u03b2-lactamases to multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"57","author":"Rumbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-008-0080-8","article-title":"Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Greek seawater habitats","volume":"46","author":"Nikolakopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Wang, S.F., Yang, T.Y., Hung, W.C., Chan, M.Y., and Tseng, S.P. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in ceftazidime non-susceptible bacterial pathogens from ready-to-eat street foods in three Taiwanese cities. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15627-8"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.883-888.2003","article-title":"Diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in bacteria from Chilean salmon farms","volume":"47","author":"Miranda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0411-2015","article-title":"Over expression of AdeABC and AcrAB-TolC efflux systems confers tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"49","author":"Yuhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2004.10.008","article-title":"Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genotypically related and unrelated multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains from different European hospitals","volume":"156","author":"Huys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa015","article-title":"Tigecycline efflux in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by TetA in synergy with RND-type efflux transporters","volume":"75","author":"Foong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208037109","article-title":"Structural basis for TetM-mediated tetracycline resistance","volume":"109","author":"Franckenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2310-2312.2003","article-title":"Presence of the tet M determinant in a clinical isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"47","author":"Ribera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Hassan, K.A., Tetu, S.G., Naidu, V., Pokhrel, A., Cain, A.K., and Paulsen, I.T. (2020). The Transcriptomic Signature of Tigecycline in Acinetobacter baumannii. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.565438"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0445-2","article-title":"Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated High-Level Tigecycline Resistance Genes in Animals and Humans","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Liu, D., Lv, Y., Cui, L., Li, Y., Li, T., Song, H., Hao, Y., Shen, J., and Wang, Y. (2020). Novel Plasmid-Mediated tet(X5) Gene Conferring Resistance to Tigecycline, Eravacycline, and Omadacycline in a Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01326-19"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1021\/bi5000564","article-title":"Mechanism of quinolone action and resistance","volume":"53","author":"Aldred","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.10.4362-4364.2005","article-title":"AbeM, an H+-coupled Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug efflux pump belonging to the MATE family of transporters","volume":"49","author":"Su","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01464-06","article-title":"Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"51","author":"Perez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801812010116","article-title":"Molecular Study of Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions of gyrA Gene and parC Genes in Clinical Isolates of Acintobacter baumannii Resistant to Fluoroquinolone","volume":"12","author":"Zaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01686-07","article-title":"Coprevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QepA, Qnr, and AAC(6\u2032)-Ib-cr among 16S rRNA methylase RmtB-producing Escherichia coli isolates from pigs","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_644_16","article-title":"Ader-ades mutations & overexpression of the AdeABC efflux system in ciprofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates","volume":"147","author":"Lari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01388-10","article-title":"Efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter spp.","volume":"55","author":"Coyne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"623","article-title":"Association between mutations in gyrA and parC genes of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates and ciprofloxacin resistance","volume":"18","author":"Ardebili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza, R., Pinto, N.A., Le Phuong, N., Higgins, P.G., Vu, T.N., Byun, J.H., Cho, Y.L., Choi, J.R., and Yong, D. (2019). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Acinetobacter spp. panel strains: A cornerstone to facilitate antimicrobial development. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00559"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70599-0","article-title":"The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance","volume":"6","author":"Robicsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1296","article-title":"Structural insights into quinolone antibiotic resistance mediated by pentapeptide repeat proteins: Conserved surface loops direct the activity of a Qnr protein from a Gram-negative bacterium","volume":"39","author":"Xiong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1347","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: A new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase","volume":"12","author":"Robicsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.R., Lee, J.H., Park, M., Park, K.S., Bae, I.K., Kim, Y.B., Cha, C.J., Jeong, B.C., and Lee, S.H. (2017). Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and prospective treatment options. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00055"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2014.05.006","article-title":"Azithromycin inhibits MUC5AC induction via multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9270-5","article-title":"Comparative study between macrolide regulatory proteins MphR(A) and MphR(E) in ligand identification and DNA binding based on the rapid in vitro detection system","volume":"408","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopjitt, P., Kerdsin, A., Takeuchi, D., Hatrongjit, R., Boueroy, P., Akeda, Y., Tomono, K., and Hamada, S. (2020). Whole genome analysis of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in Thailand. Infect. Disord Drug Targets, 20.","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526520999201116201911"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq195","article-title":"Molecular and functional characterization of a novel efflux pump, AmvA, mediating antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"65","author":"Rajamohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.10.015","article-title":"Whole-genome analysis of an extensively drug-resistant clinical isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii AC12: Insights into the mechanisms of resistance of an ST195 clone from Malaysia","volume":"45","author":"Lean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder, M.R., Lohsen, S., Chancey, S.T., and Stephens, D.S. (2019). High-Level Macrolide Resistance Due to the Mega Element [mef(E)\/mel] in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00868"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munita, J., and Arias, C. (2016). Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okada, U., Yamashita, E., Neuberger, A., Morimoto, M., Van Veen, H.W., and Murakami, S. (2017). Crystal structure of tripartite-type ABC transporter MacB from Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat. Commun., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01399-2"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00748-09","article-title":"Role of AbeS, a novel efflux pump of the SMR family of transporters, in resistance to antimicrobial agents in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"53","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, G.E., Evans, L.P., Anderson, M.J., Wand, M.E., Bonney, L.C., Ivens, A., Chua, K.L., Webber, M.A., Mark Sutton, J., and Peterson, M.L. (2016). The Acinetobacter baumannii two-component system aders regulates genes required for multidrug efflux, biofilm formation, and virulence in a strain-specific manner. mBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00852-16"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1086\/324626","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides: Nature of the Resistance Elements and Their Clinical Implications","volume":"34","author":"Leclercq","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.01.006","article-title":"Activity of the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine \u03b2-naphthylamide against the AdeFGH pump of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"37","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00732-07","article-title":"AdeIJK, a resistance-nodulation-cell division pump effluxing multiple antibiotics in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"52","author":"Magnet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, E.J., Balloy, V., Fiette, L., Chignard, M., Courvalin, P., and Grillot-Courvalin, C. (2016). Contribution of the ade resistance-nodulation-cell division-type efflux pumps to fitness and pathogenesis of Acinetobacter baumannii. mBio, 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00697-16"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2016.36.4.320","article-title":"Prediction of putative resistance islands in a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 2 clinical isolate","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.07.005","article-title":"Isolation and Whole-genome Sequence Analysis of the Imipenem Heteroresistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolate HRAB-85","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Dur\u00e1n, P.A., Fonseca-Coronado, S., Lozano-Trenado, L.M., Araujo-Betanzos, S., Rugerio-Trujillo, D.A., Vaughan, G., and Salda\u00f1a-Rivera, E. (2020). Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in a tertiary level hospital. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231829"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16373-0_5","article-title":"Mechanisms of Polymyxin Resistance","volume":"1145","author":"Moffatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00639-15","article-title":"Characterization of an Acinetobacter baumannii lptD deletion strain: Permeability defects and response to inhibition of lipopolysaccharide and fatty acid biosynthesis","volume":"198","author":"Bojkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00016-10","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a glycosyltransferase involved in Acinetobacter baumannii lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis","volume":"78","author":"Luke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"(2021, March 05). The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). Available online: https:\/\/card.mcmaster.ca\/ontology\/35989."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, B., Liu, H., Jiang, Y., Shao, L., Yang, S., and Chen, D. (2020). New Mutations Involved in Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. mSphere, 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00895-19"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7911","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00515-15","article-title":"A PmrB-regulated deacetylase required for lipid A modification and polymyxin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"59","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerson, S., Betts, J.W., Luca\u00dfen, K., Nodari, C.S., Wille, J., Josten, M., G\u00f6ttig, S., Nowak, J., Stefanik, D., and Roca, I. (2019). Investigation of Novel pmrB and eptA Mutations in Isogenic Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Associated with Colistin Resistance and Increased Virulence In Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 63.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01586-18"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"4","article-title":"Detection of colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with the mcr-4 gene","volume":"25","year":"2019","journal-title":"Klin. Mikrobiol. Infekc. Lek."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz413","article-title":"A novel plasmid-encoded mcr-4.3 gene in a colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain","volume":"75","author":"Snesrud","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hameed, F., Khan, M.A., Muhammad, H., Sarwar, T., Bilal, H., and Rehman, T.U. (2019). Plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: First report from Pakistan. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 52.","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0237-2019"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00704-12","article-title":"Genetic determinants of intrinsic colistin tolerance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"81","author":"Hood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nhu, N.T.K., Riordan, D.W., Nhu, T.D.H., Thanh, D.P., Thwaites, G., Lan, N.P.H., Wren, B.W., Baker, S., and Stabler, R.A. (2016). The induction and identification of novel Colistin resistance mutations in Acinetobacter baumannii and their implications. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28291"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526519666190426153258","article-title":"Colistin Induced Assortment of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii SD01","volume":"20","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traglia, G., Chiem, K., Quinn, B., Fernandez, J.S., Monta\u00f1a, S., Almuzara, M., Mussi, M.A., Tolmasky, M.E., Iriarte, A., and Centr\u00f3n, D. (2018). Genome sequence analysis of an extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii indigo-pigmented strain depicts evidence of increase genome plasticity. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35377-5"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz024","article-title":"The chloramphenicol\/H+ antiporter CraA of Acinetobacter baumannii AYE reveals a broad substrate specificity","volume":"74","author":"Foong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karalewitz, A.P.A., and Millera, S.I. (2018). Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii chloramphenicol resistance requires an inner membrane permease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00513-18"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Cui, C.Y., Wu, X.T., Fang, L.X., He, Q., He, B., Long, T.F., Liao, X.P., Chen, L., and Liu, Y.H. (2021). Spread of tet(X5) and tet(X6) genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains of animal origin. Vet. Microbiol., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108954"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2674-0","article-title":"Abrp, a new gene, confers reduced susceptibility to tetracycline, glycylcine, chloramphenicol and fosfomycin classes in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, Q., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., and Wang, H. (2017). Global regulator SoxR is a negative regulator of efflux pump gene expression and affects antibiotic resistance and fitness in Acinetobacter baumannii. Med. Baltim., 96.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007188"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhou, Z., He, F., Ruan, Z., Jiang, Y., Hua, X., and Yu, Y. (2018). The role of the type VI secretion system vgrG gene in the virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192288"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X.L., Guo, Y.Z., Wu, Y.M., Gong, W.T., Sun, J., and Huang, Z. (2020). In vivo bactericidal effect of colistin\u2013linezolid combination in a murine model of MDR and XDR Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74503-0"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks354","article-title":"The emerging problem of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus","volume":"68","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wareth, G., Linde, J., Hammer, P., Nguyen, N.H., Nguyen, T.N.M., Splettstoesser, W.D., Makarewicz, O., Neubauer, H., Sprague, L.D., and Pletz, M.W. (2020). Phenotypic and WGS-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical and non-clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Germany and Vietnam. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106127"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducas-Mowchun, K., De Silva, P.M., Crisostomo, L., Fernando, D.M., Chao, T.C., Pelka, P., Schweizer, H.P., and Kumar, A. (2019). Next generation of Tn7-based single-copy insertion elements for use in multi- and pan-drug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 85.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00066-19"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna, B.M., Ulhaq, A., Yan, J., Pantapalangkoor, P., Nielsen, T.B., Davies, B.W., Actis, L.A., and Spellberg, B. (2017). Selectable Markers for Use in Genetic Manipulation of Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii HUMC1. mSphere, 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00140-17"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-014-0051-9","article-title":"A Review of Novel Combinations of Colistin and Lipopeptide or Glycopeptide Antibiotics for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"3","author":"Claeys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01314-12","article-title":"Real-time sequencing to decipher the molecular mechanism of resistance of a clinical pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate from Marseille, France","volume":"57","author":"Rolain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.016","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of rifampicin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Italy","volume":"39","author":"Giannouli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0737-6","article-title":"A nutrient-limited screen unmasks rifabutin hyperactivity for extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, R., Mustapha, M.M., Tomich, A.D., Callaghan, J.D., McElheny, C.L., Mettus, R.T., Shanks, R.M.Q., Sluis-Cremer, N., and Doi, Y. (2017). Widespread fosfomycin resistance in gram-negative bacteria attributable to the chromosomal fosA gene. mBio, 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00749-17"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw382","article-title":"Fosfomycin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by efflux through a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter-AbaF","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.082","article-title":"UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA) of Acinetobacter baumannii (AbMurA): Structural and functional properties","volume":"97","author":"Sonkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Osuna, M., Cort\u00e9s, P., Llagostera, M., Barb\u00e9, J., and Erill, I. (2020). Exploration into the origins and mobilization of di-hydrofolate reductase genes and the emergence of clinical resistance to trimethoprim. Microb. Genom., 6.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000440"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffoori Kanaan, M.H., Al-Shadeedi, S.M.J., Al-Massody, A.J., and Ghasemian, A. (2020). Drug resistance and virulence traits of Acinetobacter baumannii from Turkey and chicken raw meat. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 70.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101451"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.09.015","article-title":"Resistance and integron characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii in a teaching hospital in Chongqing, China","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01574-08","article-title":"oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"53","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osei Sekyere, J., and Reta, M.A. (2020). Genomic and Resistance Epidemiology of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Africa: A Systematic Review and Phylogenomic Analyses from a One Health Perspective. mSystems, 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00897-20"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.04.001","article-title":"Plasmid-encoded resistance to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole mediated by dfrA1, dfrA5, sul1 and sul2 among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from urine samples of patients with severe urinary tract infection","volume":"17","author":"Girija","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duployez, C., Guern, R.L., Milliere, L., Caplan, M., Lo\u00efez, C., Ledoux, G., Jaillette, E., Favory, R., Mathieu, D., and Wallet, F. (2020). An outbreak can hide another. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.705"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.021","article-title":"Secondary infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: Incidence and predictive factors","volume":"27","author":"Ripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contou, D., Claudinon, A., Pajot, O., Mica\u00eblo, M., Longuet Flandre, P., Dubert, M., Cally, R., Logre, E., Fraiss\u00e9, M., and Mentec, H. (2020). Bacterial and viral co-infections in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia admitted to a French ICU. Ann. Intensive Care, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00736-x"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S272605","article-title":"Predictors of Severity and Co-Infection Resistance Profile in COVID-19 Patients: First Report from Upper Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Ramadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Nebreda-Mayoral, T., Miguel-G\u00f3mez, M.A., March-Rossell\u00f3, G.A., Puente-Fuertes, L., Cant\u00f3n-Benito, E., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, A.M., Mu\u00f1oz-Mart\u00edn, A.B., and Ordu\u00f1a-Domingo, A. (2020). Infecci\u00f3n bacteriana\/f\u00fangica en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Espa\u00f1a. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin., 3."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifipour, E., Shams, S., Esmkhani, M., Khodadadi, J., Fotouhi-Ardakani, R., Koohpaei, A., Doosti, Z., and EJ Golzari, S. (2020). Evaluation of bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05374-z"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Hua, M., Liu, X., Du, C., Pu, L., Xiang, P., Wang, L., and Liu, J. (2021). Bacterial and fungal co-infections among COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit. Microbes Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104806"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13545","article-title":"Clonal dispersion of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit designed to patients COVID-19","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karruli, A., Boccia, F., Gagliardi, M., Patauner, F., Ursi, M.P., Sommese, P., De Rosa, R., Murino, P., Ruocco, G., and Corcione, A. (2021). Multidrug-Resistant Infections and Outcome of Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Single Center Experience. Microb. Drug Resist.","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0489"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, N., Dai, J., Guo, M., Li, J., Zhou, X., Li, F., Gao, Y., Qu, H., Lu, H., and Jin, J. (2021). Pre-optimized phage therapy on secondary Acinetobacter baumannii infection in four critical COVID-19 patients. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1902754"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6948e1","article-title":"Increase in Hospital-Acquired Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection and Colonization in an Acute Care Hospital During a Surge in COVID-19 Admissions\u2014New Jersey, February\u2013July 2020","volume":"69","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01818-15","article-title":"Utility of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Characterizing Acinetobacter Epidemiology and Analyzing Hospital Outbreaks","volume":"54","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.8-13.2001","article-title":"Identification of Epidemic Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii by Integrase Gene PCR","volume":"39","author":"Koeleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2004.10.292","article-title":"Variable Resistance Patterns of Integron-Associated Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3074-3082.2005","article-title":"Detection and Typing of Integrons in Epidemic Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii Found in the United Kingdom","volume":"43","author":"Turton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.014","article-title":"Possible role of integrase gene polymerase chain reaction as an epidemiological marker: Study of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from nosocomial infections","volume":"29","author":"Gaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10093","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120810093","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Eastern China: A Multiple-Hospital Study","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deylam Salehi, M., Ferdosi-Shahandashti, E., Yahyapour, Y., Khafri, S., Pournajaf, A., and Rajabnia, R. (2017). Integron-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Intensive Care Unit Patients, Babol, North of Iran. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7157923"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01082-16","article-title":"In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Alone and in Combination with Colistin against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates","volume":"60","author":"Nepka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/3\/373\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:38:23Z","timestamp":1760161103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/3\/373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":211,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10030373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10030373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}}}