{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T04:41:50Z","timestamp":1772512910218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common tick-borne disease in Serbia and other European countries. Rabies is a fatal zoonosis distributed worldwide and is caused by the rabies virus. Professionals at risk of rabies\u2014including veterinarians, hunters, communal service workers, and forestry workers\u2014overlap with some professions at a higher risk of exposure to tick bites and tick-borne pathogen infections. We hypothesized that individuals identified by the public health system as at risk of rabies virus infection, and consequently vaccinated against rabies virus, also share a higher likelihood of Borrelia exposure. To test our hypothesis, a case-control study was carried out during 2019 in Serbia to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia antibodies in two case groups (individuals at risk and vaccinated against rabies virus) and a control group (individuals without risk of rabies). Individuals vaccinated against rabies following either \u201cpre-exposure protocol\u201d (PrEP, n = 58) or \u201cpost-exposure protocol\u201d (PEP, n = 42) were considered as rabies risk groups and healthy blood donors (n = 30) as the control group. The results showed higher Borrelia seroprevalence in PrEP (17.2%; 10\/58) and PEP (19.0%; 8\/42) groups compared with the control group (6.67%; 2\/30). Furthermore, odds ratio (OR) analysis showed that risk of rabies (in either the PrEP (OR = 2.91) or PEP (OR = 3.29) groups) is associated with increased odds of being seropositive to Borrelia. However, the difference in Borrelia seroprevalence between groups was not statistically significant (Chi-square (\u03c7\u00b2) test p &gt; 0.05). The shared odds of LB and rabies exposure found in this study suggest that, in countries where both diseases occur, the common citizen can be at risk of both diseases when in a risky habitat. These findings are important to guide physicians in targeting high-risk groups, and diagnose LB, and to guide decision-makers in targeting control and prevention measures for both infections in risk areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Shared Odds of Borrelia and Rabies Virus Exposure in Serbia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavle","family":"Banovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology with Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7743-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Alberto","family":"D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Mijatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Vujin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural School, Mar\u0161ala Tita 167, 24300 Ba\u010dka Topola, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nenad","family":"Vranje\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Research &amp; Monitoring of Rabies &amp; Other Zoonoses, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zorana","family":"Budakov-Obradovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7331-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevenka","family":"Bujandri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Gruji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7714-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-0046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verica","family":"Simin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural School, Mar\u0161ala Tita 167, 24300 Ba\u010dka Topola, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasiel","family":"Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba, S\u00e3o Paulo 13400-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cabezas-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00083-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00083-18","article-title":"Emerging Tick-Borne Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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