{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:31:41Z","timestamp":1790033501151,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis has been reported in both humans and animals in Israel but has not been reported in horses. In 2018, an outbreak of Leptospira spp. serogroup Pomona was reported in humans and cattle in Israel. In horses, leptospirosis may cause equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). This report describes the first identification of Leptospira serogroup Pomona as the probable cause of ERU in horses in Israel, followed by an epidemiological investigation of equine exposure in the area. Serologic exposure to Leptospira was determined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using eight serovars. In 2017, serovar Pomona was identified in a mare with signs of ERU. Seven of thirteen horses from that farm were seropositive for serogroup Pomona, of which three had signs of ERU. During the same time period, 14\/70 horses from three other farms were positive for serogroup Pomona. In 2015, two years prior to this diagnosis, 259 horses from 21 farms were sampled and one horse tested seropositive for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. In 2018, one year later, 337 horses were sampled on 29 farms, with none testing seropositive. Although horses are not considered a major host of Leptospira spp., it appears that horses may be infected, and clinically affected, in the course of an outbreak in other species. The identification of leptospirosis in stabled horses may impose a significant zoonotic risk to people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T21:37:03Z","timestamp":1617226623000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in Horses in Israel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3810-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Tirosh-Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miri","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50200, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9202-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gili","family":"Schvartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Kalir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Pe\u2019er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Shnaiderman-Torban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50200, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5451-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shlomo E.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50200, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0984-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Steinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"History of leptospirosis and Leptospira","volume":"387","author":"Adler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2012.11.005","article-title":"Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis","volume":"43","author":"Picardeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.04.012","article-title":"Leptospirosis in horses","volume":"167","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.06.017","article-title":"Equine recurrent uveitis: Human and equine perspectives","volume":"206","author":"Malalana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01445.x","article-title":"Leptospiral uveitis\u2014There is more to it than meets the eye!","volume":"59","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"948","article-title":"Experimental chronic uveitis. Ophthalmic signs following equine leptospirosis","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"1971","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13069","article-title":"Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses","volume":"51","author":"Divers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12683","article-title":"The role of Leptospira spp. in horses affected with recurrent uveitis in the UK","volume":"49","author":"Malalana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-001-0660-6","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of leptospirosis in Israel","volume":"21","author":"Bishara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010611","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of leptospirosis in Israel","volume":"7","author":"Kariv","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0239","article-title":"Travel-related leptospirosis in Israel: A nationwide study","volume":"82","author":"Leshem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadon, Y., Haas, E.J., Kaliner, E., Anis, E., Singer, S.R., Atiya-Nasagi, Y., Cohen-Dar, M., Avramovich, E., King, R., and Sued, O. (2018). Outbreak of human leptospirosis linked to contaminated water bodies in Northern Israel, June to August 2018. Eurosurveillance, 23.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.38.1800486"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X255972","article-title":"Ocular penetration of intravenously administered enrofloxacin in the horse","volume":"40","author":"Divers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12693","article-title":"Association of acute leptospirosis with systemic disease and uveitis in horses","volume":"30","author":"Gilger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13022","article-title":"Leptospirosis in horses: A European perspective","volume":"51","author":"Malalana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0459-3","article-title":"The role of leptospirosis in reproductive disorders in horses","volume":"46","author":"Hamond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2004.00740.x","article-title":"Classification of Leptospira from the eyes of horses suffering from recurrent uveitis","volume":"51","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.049","article-title":"A unique genotype of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki is associated with equine abortion","volume":"150","author":"Timoney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"237","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Italian horses","volume":"19","author":"Ebani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vera, E., Taddei, S., Cavirani, S., Schiavi, J., Angelone, M., Cabassi, C.S., Schiano, E., and Quintavalla, F. (2019). Leptospira Seroprevalence in Bardigiano Horses in Northern Italy. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010023"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boey, K., Shiokawa, K., and Rajeev, S. (2019). Leptospira infection in rats: A literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007499"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12E.5.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","article-title":"Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test","volume":"32","author":"Goris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/4\/408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:10:49Z","timestamp":1760364649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/4\/408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10040408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10040408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}