{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:59:03Z","timestamp":1790402343349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10-IAHU-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Le Sud (Provence Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur) and European funding","award":["FEDER PA 0000320 PRIMMI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER PA 0000320 PRIMMI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current routine real-time PCR methods used for the point-of-care diagnosis of infectious meningitis do not allow for one-shot genotyping of the pathogen, as in the case of deadly Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Real-time PCR diagnosed H. influenzae meningitis in a 22-year-old male patient, during his hospitalisation following a more than six-metre fall. Using an Oxford Nanopore Technologies real-time sequencing run in parallel to real-time PCR, we detected the H. influenzae genome directly from the cerebrospinal fluid sample in six hours. Furthermore, BLAST analysis of the sequence encoding for a partial DUF417 domain-containing protein diagnosed a non-b serotype, non-typeable H.influenzae belonging to lineage H. influenzae 22.1-21. The Oxford Nanopore metagenomic next-generation sequencing approach could be considered for the point-of-care diagnosis of infectious meningitis, by direct identification of pathogenic genomes and their genotypes\/serotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Direct Diagnosis by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8074-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madjid","family":"Morsli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille-Universit\u00e9, IRD, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Kerharo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Delerce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Hugues","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2995-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Troude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Drancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix-Marseille-Universit\u00e9, IRD, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03859-y","article-title":"Point-of-care multiplexed diagnosis of meningitis using the FilmArray\u00ae ME panel technology","volume":"39","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khumalo, J., Nicol, M., Hardie, D., Muloiwa, R., Mteshana, P., and Bamford, C. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the diagnosis of meningitis in children in a resource-limited setting. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173948"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2013.130417","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and identification of bacteria and fungi in cerebrospinal fluid by TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR","volume":"60","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukasawa, L.O., Gon\u00e7alves, M.G., Higa, F.T., Castilho, E.A., Ibarz-Pav\u00f3, A.B., and Sacchi, C.T. (2017). 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Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071774","article-title":"An Application of Outer Membrane Protein P6-Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Haemophilus influenzae in Middle Ear Fluids and Nasopharyngeal Secretions","volume":"8","author":"Hotomi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01176-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01176-18","article-title":"Antagonistic pleiotropy in the bifunctional surface protein fadl (OmpP1) during adaptation of Haemophilus influenzae to chronic lung infection associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Moleres","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7542800","article-title":"Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"269","author":"Fleischmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/4\/461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:59:30Z","timestamp":1760363970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/4\/461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10040461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10040461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]}}}