{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:50:08Z","timestamp":1781650208388,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2011, in Bangladesh, 11 anthrax outbreaks occurred in six districts of the country. Different types of samples were collected from May to September in the six districts where anthrax had occurred in order to detect and type Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) strains. Anthrax was detected in 46.6% of the samples analysed, in particular in soils, but also in bone samples, water, animal feed, and rumen ingesta of dead animals. Canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (CanSNPs) analysis showed that all the isolates belonged to the major lineage A, sublineage A.Br.001\/002 of China and Southeast Asia while the multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) analysis (MLVA) with 15 VNTRs demonstrated the presence of five genotypes, of which two resulted to be new genotypes. The single nucleotide repeats (SNRs) analysis showed 13 SNR types; nevertheless, due to its higher discriminatory power, the presence of two isolates with different SNR-type polymorphisms was detected within two MLVA genotypes. This study assumes that soil is not the only reason for the spread of the disease in Bangladesh; contaminated feed and water can also play an important role in the epidemiology of anthrax. Possible explanations for these epidemiological relationships are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T21:35:13Z","timestamp":1618522513000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1159-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Galante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8342-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Manzulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigina","family":"Serrecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Di","family":"Taranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio Igiene degli Allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche\u2014Asl 02 Abruzzo Lanciano\u2014Vasto-Chieti, 66054 Vasto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hugh-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-5705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Jahangir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Programme on Infectious Diseases &amp; Vaccine Sciences, Health System &amp; Infectious Disease Division, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), 1212 Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 273 Banjul, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Rondinone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Cipolletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0742-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Iatarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tolve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Aceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Poppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Fasanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Puglia and Basilicata, Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002408","article-title":"Risk factors associated with anthrax in cattle on smallholdings","volume":"140","author":"Biswas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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