{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:57:15Z","timestamp":1790539035622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite nearly a century of research and accounting for the highest disease burden of any parasitic disease in the Western Hemisphere, Chagas disease (CD) is still a challenging diagnosis, primarily due to its poor recognition outside of Latin America. Although initially considered endemic to Central and South America, globalization, urbanization, and increased migration have spread the disease worldwide in the last few years, making it a significant public health threat. The international medical community\u2019s apparent lack of interest in this disease that was previously thought to be geographically restricted has delayed research on the complex host\u2013parasite relationship that determines myocardial involvement and its differential behavior from other forms of cardiomyopathy, particularly regarding treatment strategies. Multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to degenerative, inflammatory, and fibrotic myocardial responses have been identified and warrant further research to expand the therapeutic arsenal and impact the high burden attributed to CD. Altogether, cardiac dysautonomia, microvascular disturbances, parasite-mediated myocardial damage, and chronic immune-mediated injury are responsible for the disease\u2019s clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic disease to severe cardiac and gastrointestinal involvement. It is crucial for healthcare workers to better understand CD transmission and disease dynamics, including its behavior on both its acute and chronic phases, to make adequate and evidence-based decisions regarding the disease. This review aims to summarize the most recent information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, screening, and treatment of CD, emphasizing on Chagasic cardiomyopathy\u2019s (Ch-CMP) clinical presentation and pathobiological mechanisms leading to sudden cardiac death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T13:59:14Z","timestamp":1619099954000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Chagas Cardiomyopathy: From Roma\u00f1a Sign to Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Pino-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2874-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germ\u00e1n Jos\u00e9","family":"Medina-Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4531-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Gallo-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Duran-Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro Ignacio","family":"Arango Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Juliana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Medina-Mur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5070-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida T.","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian F.","family":"Forero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"},{"name":"Division of Radiology, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector M.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fundaci\u00f3n Cardio-Infantil-Instituto de Cardiolog\u00eda, Bogot\u00e1 110131, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-317","article-title":"The history of Chagas disease","volume":"7","author":"Steverding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.06.102","article-title":"Early clinics of the cardiac forms of Chagas\u2019 disease: Discovery and study of original medical files (1909\u20131915)","volume":"244","author":"Gachelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165689","article-title":"Chagas disease: Historic perspective","volume":"1866","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.046","article-title":"Chagas Disease","volume":"62","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2015.06.001","article-title":"The Burden of Chagas Disease: Estimates and Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Stanaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, M.C.P., Beaton, A., Acquatella, H., Bern, C., Bolger, A.F., Echeverr\u00eda, L.E., Dutra, W.O., Gascon, J., Morillo, C.A., and Oliveira-Filho, J. (2018). Chagas Cardiomyopathy: An Update of Current Clinical Knowledge and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 138.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000599"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2016.08.013","article-title":"Chagas Cardiomyopathy","volume":"35","author":"Benziger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2015). Chagas disease in Latin America: An epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 90, 33\u201343."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2015). World Health Organization. Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: WHO Third Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30171-4","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: Progress towards addressing the chronic pandemic","volume":"389","author":"Molyneux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manne-Goehler, J., Umeh, C.A., Montgomery, S.P., and Wirtz, V.J. (2016). Estimating the Burden of Chagas Disease in the United States. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005033"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1086\/605091","article-title":"An Estimate of the Burden of Chagas Disease in the United States","volume":"49","author":"Bern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-013-0613-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chagas disease in Europe: Many calculations, little knowledge","volume":"103","author":"Strasen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Requena-M\u00e9ndez, A., Aldasoro, E., de Lazzari, E., Sicuri, E., Brown, M., Moore, D.A.J., Gascon, J., and Mu\u00f1oz, J. (2015). Prevalence of Chagas Disease in Latin-American Migrants Living in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003540"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Riquelme, M., Guhl, F., Turriago, B., Pinto, N., Rosas, F., Mart\u00ednez, M.F., Fox-Rushby, J., Davies, C., and Campbell-Lendrum, D. (2008). The Costs of Preventing and Treating Chagas Disease in Colombia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000336"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0726","article-title":"Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Chagas Disease","volume":"90","author":"Montgomery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0086","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Chagas Disease in Pregnant Women in Casanare, Colombia","volume":"87","author":"Puerta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2016.10.038","article-title":"Enfermedad de Chagas de transmisi\u00f3n oral","volume":"148","author":"Filigheddu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.05.002","article-title":"Orally transmitted acute Chagas disease in domestic travelers in Colombia","volume":"10","author":"Ayala","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1086\/651608","article-title":"Large Urban Outbreak of Orally Acquired Acute Chagas Disease at a School in Caracas, Venezuela","volume":"201","author":"Colmenares","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.02.005","article-title":"Orally-transmitted Chagas disease: Epidemiological, clinical, serological and molecular outcomes of a school microepidemic in Chichiriviche de la Costa, Venezuela","volume":"1","author":"Colmenares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990977","article-title":"The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: Looking back and to the future","volume":"136","author":"Miles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70230-5","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.09.017","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: Something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity","volume":"184","author":"Zingales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2004.06.001","article-title":"Genotypic variation among lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi and its geographic aspects","volume":"53","author":"Higo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrasco, H.J., Segovia, M., Llewellyn, M.S., Morocoima, A., Urdaneta-Morales, S., Mart\u00ednez, C., Mart\u00ednez, C.E., Garcia, C., Rodr\u00edguez, M., and Espinosa, R. (2012). Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Venezuela. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001707"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0200","article-title":"Biological and Molecular Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi Strains from Four States of Brazil","volume":"98","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.12.009","article-title":"The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: Rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications","volume":"12","author":"Zingales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez, J.D., Guhl, F., Rend\u00f3n, L.M., Rosas, F., Marin-Neto, J.A., and Morillo, C.A. (2010). Chagas Cardiomyopathy Manifestations and Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes Circulating in Chronic Chagasic Patients. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000899"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00153-9","article-title":"The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi revisited","volume":"31","author":"Tyler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1543517","article-title":"Autophagy: A necessary process during the Trypanosoma cruzi life-cycle","volume":"10","author":"Salassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043711","article-title":"Pathology and Pathogenesis of Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"14","author":"Bonney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190036","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.190036","article-title":"Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Trindade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624296","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Chronic Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"115","author":"Maciel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.12.023","article-title":"Autoimmune Pathogenesis of Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"185","author":"Bonney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000200020","article-title":"Insights into the clinical and functional significance of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Chagas disease","volume":"45","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, V.S.P., Dumont, S.M., Mota, L.d.G., Braga, D.d.S., de Freitas, S.S., and Moreira, M.d.C.V. (2018). Sympathetic Dysautonomia in Heart Failure by 123I-MIBG: Comparison between Chagasic, non-Chagasic and heart transplant patients. Arq. Bras. Cardiol.","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20180124"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0028-2013","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: The role of coronary microvascular derangements","volume":"46","author":"Simoes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, M.A., Tanowitz, H.B., Malvestio, L.M., Celes, M.R., Campos, E.C., Blefari, V., and Prado, C.M. (2010). Coronary Microvascular Disease in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy Including an Overview on History, Pathology, and Other Proposed Pathogenic Mechanisms. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000674"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.133","article-title":"Is endothelial microvascular function equally impaired among patients with chronic Chagas and ischemic cardiomyopathy?","volume":"265","author":"Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2007.00373.x","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Chagas\u2019 Disease","volume":"31","author":"Rochitte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benatar, A.F., Garc\u00eda, G.A., Bua, J., Cerliani, J.P., Postan, M., Tasso, L.M., Scaglione, J., Stupirski, J.C., Toscano, M.A., and Rabinovich, G.A. (2015). Galectin-1 Prevents Infection and Damage Induced by Trypanosoma cruzi on Cardiac Cells. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004148"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bona, E., Lidani, K.C.F., Bavia, L., Omidian, Z., Gremski, L.H., Sandri, T.L., and Messias Reason, I.J. (2018). de Autoimmunity in Chronic Chagas Disease: A Road of Multiple Pathways to Cardiomyopathy?. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01842"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2012005000067","article-title":"Disfun\u00e7\u00e3o auton\u00f4mica e anticorpos contra receptores anti-m2 e anti-\u03b21 em pacientes chag\u00e1sicos","volume":"99","author":"Thiers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, A.T., Menezes, C.A.S., Costa, H.S., Nunes, M.C.P., and Rocha, M.O.C. (2019). Myocardial fibrosis in chagas disease and molecules related to fibrosis. Parasite Immunol., 41.","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12663"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22421","article-title":"The Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management of Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"38","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0184-2018","article-title":"Electrocardiogram in Chagas disease","volume":"51","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivera, M.J., Fory, J.A., Porras, J.F., and Buitrago, G. (2019). Prevalence of Chagas disease in Colombia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210156"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2016.12.002","article-title":"Chagas disease research and development: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?","volume":"15","author":"Chatelain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123612","article-title":"Ten-Year Incidence of Chagas Cardiomyopathy Among Asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi \u2013Seropositive Former Blood Donors","volume":"127","author":"Sabino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasslocher-Moreno, A.M., Salles Xavier, S., Magalh\u00e3es Saraiva, R., Conde Sangenis, L.H., Teixeira de Holanda, M., Horta Veloso, H., Rodrigues da Costa, A., de Souza Nogueira Sardinha Mendes, F., Alvarenga Americano do Brasil, P.E., and Sperandio da Silva, G.M. (2020). Progression Rate from the Indeterminate Form to the Cardiac Form in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease: Twenty-Two-Year Follow-Up in a Brazilian Urban Cohort. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020076"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011181","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011181","article-title":"Longitudinal study of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy in Brazil (SaMi-Trop project): A cohort profile","volume":"6","author":"Cardoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00065-2","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease","volume":"1","author":"Prata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bern, C., Messenger, L.A., Whitman, J.D., and Maguire, J.H. (2019). Chagas Disease in the United States: A Public Health Approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 33.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-19"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009001200013","article-title":"The chronic gastrointestinal manifestations of Chagas disease","volume":"64","author":"Matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, L.Z., Glisic, M., Pletsch-Borba, L., Echeverr\u00eda, L.E., Bramer, W.M., Bano, A., Stringa, N., Zaciragic, A., Kraja, B., and Asllanaj, E. (2018). Electrocardiographic abnormalities in Chagas disease in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006567"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozkurt, B., Colvin, M., Cook, J., Cooper, L.T., Deswal, A., Fonarow, G.C., Francis, G.S., Lenihan, D., Lewis, E.F., and McNamara, D.M. (2016). Current Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Specific Dilated Cardiomyopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 134.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000455"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.040","article-title":"Inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers are differentially expressed in clinical stages of Chagas disease","volume":"199","author":"Keating","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2015.07.001","article-title":"Electrocardiogram and Chagas Disease: A Large Population Database of Primary Care Patients","volume":"10","author":"Marcolino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.112","article-title":"Precordial chest pain in patients with chronic Chagas disease","volume":"176","author":"Bestetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2006.00054.x","article-title":"Chronotropic Incompetence and Abnormal Autonomic Modulation in Ambulatory Chagas Disease Patients","volume":"11","author":"Rocha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.082032","article-title":"Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia Is Associated with Regional Myocardial Sympathetic Denervation Assessed with 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy","volume":"52","author":"Miranda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.03.002","article-title":"Cerebral infarct topography of atrial fibrillation and Chagas disease","volume":"400","author":"Montanaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12845","article-title":"The Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Conduction Abnormalities in Chagas\u2019 Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Cardoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14162","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in the Chagas disease are not random phenomena: Long-term monitoring in Chagas arrhythmias","volume":"30","author":"Reis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14015","article-title":"Comparison of the amount and patterns of late enhancement in Chagas disease according to the presence and type of ventricular tachycardia","volume":"30","author":"Soto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0003-2014","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas disease","volume":"48","author":"Barbosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.028","article-title":"Electrical Storm in Chagas Cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Arfelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rassi Jr, A., Rassi, S.G., and Rassi, A. (2001). Sudden death in Chagas\u2019 disease. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 76.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2001000100008"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.05.024","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death in Chagas\u2019 heart disease in the contemporary era","volume":"131","author":"Bestetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.14.1660","article-title":"Identification of Patients Most Likely to Benefit From Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy: The Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study","volume":"101","author":"Sheldon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.62.4.787","article-title":"M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography in chronic Chages\u2019 heart disease. A clinical and pathologic study","volume":"62","author":"Acquatella","year":"1980","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006000400008","article-title":"Minor segmental wall motion abnormalities detected in patients with Chagas\u2019 disease have adverse prognostic implications","volume":"39","author":"Romano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2008.09.012","article-title":"Changes in Myocardial Perfusion Correlate With Deterioration of Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Chronic Chagas\u2019 Cardiomyopathy","volume":"2","author":"Hiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, H.T., Volpe, G.J., Marin-Neto, J.A., Ambale-Venkatesh, B., Nwabuo, C.C., Trad, H.S., Romano, M.M.D., Pazin-Filho, A., Maciel, B.C., and Lima, J.A.C. (2017). Evaluation of Right Ventricular Systolic Function in Chagas Disease Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 10.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.005571"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3820191","article-title":"Imaging Diagnosis of Right Ventricle Involvement in Chagas Cardiomyopathy","volume":"2017","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.01.010","article-title":"Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Chagas Disease Defined by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography: A Comparative Study with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"30","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.627323","article-title":"Echocardiography in Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"115","author":"Acquatella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A.d.S., Oliveira, B.M.R.D., Botoni, F.A., Ribeiro, A.L.P., and Rocha, M.O.d.C. (2007). Disfun\u00e7\u00e3o mioc\u00e1rdica em pacientes chag\u00e1sicos sem cardiopatia aparente. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 89.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2007001800006"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2011000600002","article-title":"I Diretriz Latino-Americana para o diagn\u00f3stico e tratamento da cardiopatia chag\u00e1sica: Resumo executivo","volume":"96","author":"Andrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.02.015","article-title":"Value of cardiac MRI for evaluation of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy","volume":"71","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-020-01925-2","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Chagas\u2019 disease: A parallel with electrophysiologic studies","volume":"36","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P343","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-16-S1-P343","article-title":"Presence of scar by late gadolinium enhancement is a strong predictor of events in Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"16","author":"Volpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uellendahl, M., de Siqueira, M.E.M., Calado, E.B., Kalil-Filho, R., Sobral, D., Ribeiro, C., Oliveira, W., Martins, S., Narula, J., and Rochitte, C.E. (2016). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Verified Myocardial Fibrosis in Chagas Disease: Clinical Correlates and Risk Stratification. Arq. Bras. Cardiol.","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20160168"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-018-1290-z","article-title":"Relationship between microvascular changes, autonomic denervation, and myocardial fibrosis in Chagas cardiomyopathy: Evaluation by MRI and SPECT imaging","volume":"27","author":"Barizon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noya-Rabelo, M.M., Macedo, C.T., Larocca, T., Machado, A., Pacheco, T., Torre\u00e3o, J., Souza, B.S.d.F., Soares, M.B.P., Ribeiro-dos-Santos, R., and Correia, L.C.L. (2018). The Presence and Extension of Myocardial Fibrosis in the Undetermined Form of Chagas\u2019 Disease: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance. Arq. Bras. Cardiol.","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20180016"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0122","article-title":"Associations between Cardiac Magnetic Resonance T1 Mapping Parameters and Ventricular Arrhythmia in Patients with Chagas Disease","volume":"103","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.01.026","article-title":"Peculiar Aspects of Cardiogenic Embolism in Patients with Chagas\u2019 Cardiomyopathy: A Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study","volume":"18","author":"Nunes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.12.015","article-title":"Ischemic cerebrovascular events in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy: A prospective follow-up study","volume":"278","author":"Nunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.11.015","article-title":"Left Atrial Volume Provides Independent Prognostic Value in Patients With Chagas Cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Nunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(10)70181-0","article-title":"Predictors of Mortality in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Relevance of Chagas Disease as an Etiological Factor","volume":"63","author":"Nunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol. (English Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.09.003","article-title":"Chagas Cardiomyopathy is Associated With Higher Incidence of Stroke: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"20","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.06.067","article-title":"Myocardial Delayed Enhancement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Chagas\u2019 Disease","volume":"46","author":"Rochitte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.372","article-title":"Development of a risk score to predict sudden death in patients with Chaga\u2019s heart disease","volume":"187","author":"Salles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2008001700004","article-title":"Estrat\u00e9gias de preven\u00e7\u00e3o do acidente vascular encef\u00e1lico cardioemb\u00f3lico na doen\u00e7a de Chagas","volume":"91","author":"Xavier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8275-0","article-title":"Ischemic stroke classification and risk of embolism in patients with Chagas disease","volume":"263","author":"Montanaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.266","article-title":"Assessment of the source of ischemic cerebrovascular events in patients with Chagas disease","volume":"176","author":"Junior","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1159\/000182819","article-title":"A Population-Based Study of the Association between Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Cognitive Impairment in Old Age (The Bambu\u00ed Study)","volume":"32","author":"Firmo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642009DN30100006","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Chagas Disease (2000: Brasilia, B& W.H.O) (2002). Control of Chagas Disease: Second Report of the WHO Expert Committee, WHO."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, C., Cucunub\u00e1, Z., Fl\u00f3rez, C., Olivera, M., Valencia, C., Zambrano, P., Le\u00f3n, C., and Ram\u00edrez, J.D. (2016). Molecular Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in Colombia: Parasitic Loads and Discrete Typing Units in Patients from Acute and Chronic Phases. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004997"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2017.02.018","article-title":"Early polymerase chain reaction detection of Chagas disease reactivation in heart transplant patients","volume":"36","author":"Segatto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.019","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"184","author":"Schijman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01601-09","article-title":"Evaluation of Adult Chronic Chagas\u2019 Heart Disease Diagnosis by Molecular and Serological Methods","volume":"47","author":"Ramirez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brasil, P.E., De Castro, L., Hasslocher-Moreno, A.M., Sangenis, L.H., and Braga, J.U. (2010). ELISA versus PCR for diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-337"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization (2019). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chagas Disease, Pan American Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucci, J., Carmona, S.J., Volcovich, R., Altcheh, J., Bracamonte, E., Marco, J.D., Nielsen, M., Buscaglia, C.A., and Ag\u00fcero, F. (2017). Next-generation ELISA diagnostic assay for Chagas Disease based on the combination of short peptidic epitopes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005972"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00569-5","article-title":"Limited myocardial contractile reserve and chronotropic incompetence in patients with chronic Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"33","author":"Acquatella","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa053241","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Predicting Death in Chagas\u2019 Heart Disease","volume":"355","author":"Rassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.2195","article-title":"Long-Term Prognostic Value of Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Chagas Cardiomyopathy","volume":"72","author":"Senra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.337","article-title":"ECG score correlates with myocardial fibrosis assessed by magnetic resonance: A study in Chagas heart disease","volume":"187","author":"Meave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000100001","article-title":"de A Critical Review on Chagas Disease Chemotherapy","volume":"97","author":"Coura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3423-3","article-title":"Nifurtimox versus benznidazole or placebo for asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Equivalence of Usual Interventions for Trypanosomiasis-EQUITY): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Villar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04128-1","article-title":"Randomised trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early Trypanosoma cruzi infection","volume":"348","author":"Zicker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"das Neves Pinto, A.Y., da Costa Valente, V., Coura, J.R., da Silva Valente, S.A., Junquiera, A.C.V., Santos, L.C., Ferreira, A.G., and de Macedo, R.C. (2013). Clinical Follow-Up of Responses to Treatment with Benznidazol in Amazon: A Cohort Study of Acute Chagas Disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064450"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.7.2.157","article-title":"Side effects of benznidazole as treatment in chronic Chagas disease: Fears and realities","volume":"7","author":"Viotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz473","article-title":"Tolerance to nifurtimox and benznidazole in adult patients with chronic Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"75","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berenstein, A.J., Falk, N., Moscatelli, G., Moroni, S., Gonz\u00e1lez, N., Garcia-Bournissen, F., Ballering, G., Freilij, H., and Altcheh, J. (2020). Adverse Events Associated with Nifurtimox Treatment for Chagas Disease in Children and Adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.02.20118000"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0761","article-title":"Experimental and Clinical Treatment of Chagas Disease: A Review","volume":"97","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507574","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Benznidazole for Chronic Chagas\u2019 Cardiomyopathy","volume":"373","author":"Morillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3444-5","article-title":"Inequalities in the social determinants of health and Chagas disease transmission risk in indigenous and creole households in the Argentine Chaco","volume":"12","author":"Gaspe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.013","article-title":"Improvements in the CRISPR\/Cas9 system for high efficiency gene disruption in Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"178","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lander, N., Chiurillo, M.A., and Docampo, R. (2020). CRISPR\/Cas9 Technology Applied to the Study of Proteins Involved in Calcium Signaling in Trypanosoma cruzi. Trypanosomatids, Humana.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0294-2_13"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.12.017","article-title":"A randomized trial of carvedilol after renin-angiotensin system inhibition in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy","volume":"153","author":"Botoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12355","article-title":"Post hoc analyses of SHIFT and PARADIGM-HF highlight the importance of chronic Chagas\u2019 cardiomyopathy Comment on: \u201cSafety profile and efficacy of ivabradine in heart failure due to Chagas heart disease: A post hoc analysis of the SHIFT trial\u201d by Bocchi et","volume":"5","author":"Ramires","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"(2021, February 16). Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Efficacy and Safety of Sacubitril\/Valsartan Compared With Enalapril on Morbidity, Mortality, and NT-proBNP Change in Patients With Chagas Cardiomiophaty (PARACHUTE-HF), ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04023227."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.04.023","article-title":"Treatment of chronic systolic heart failure secondary to Chagas heart disease in the current era of heart failure therapy","volume":"156","author":"Bestetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut422","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for treatment of sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Chagas\u2019 heart disease: Comparison with a control group treated with amiodarone alone","volume":"16","author":"Gali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2017). Fundaci\u00f3n Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiologia A Trial Testing Amiodarone in Chagas Cardiomiopathy (ATTACH), ClinicalTrials.gov."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.07.003","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcome After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy in Patients With Chagas Heart Disease","volume":"5","author":"Rassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.08.027","article-title":"CHronic use of Amiodarone aGAinSt Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of death in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy Study: Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"166","author":"Martinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2007.00372.x","article-title":"Left Ventricular Circulatory Support as Bridge to Heart Transplantation in Chagas\u2019 Disease Cardiomyopathy","volume":"31","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2015.12.017","article-title":"Total Artificial Heart as Bridge to Heart Transplantation in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Case Report","volume":"48","author":"Ruzza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benvenuti, L.A., Rogg\u00e9rio, A., Nishiya, A.S., Mangini, S., and Levi, J.E. (2020). Sequential measurement of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitic load in endomyocardial biopsies for early detection and follow-up of Chagas disease reactivation after heart transplantation. Transpl. Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13209"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, M.D.C.V., and Renan Cunha-Melo, J. (2020). Chagas Disease Infection Reactivation after Heart Transplant. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030106"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi Neto, J.M., Finger, M.A., and dos Santos, C.C. (2020). Benznidazole as Prophylaxis for Chagas Disease Infection Reactivation in Heart Transplant Patients: A Case Series in Brazil. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030132"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud de la Naci\u00f3n (Argentina) (2012). Gu\u00edas para la Atenci\u00f3n al Paciente Infectado con Trypanosoma Cruzi (Enfermedad de Chagas). Ministerio de Salud de la Naci\u00f3n (Argentina). Available online: https:\/\/www.fac.org.ar\/neuquen\/cientifica\/Guias_chagas_2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742016002100002","article-title":"II Consenso Brasileiro em Doen\u00e7a de Chagas, 2015","volume":"25","author":"Luquetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Servi\u00e7os Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2010.12.002","article-title":"Recommendations for management of Chagas disease in organ and hematopoietic tissue transplantation programs in nonendemic areas","volume":"25","author":"Pinazo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03444.x","article-title":"Screening and Treatment of Chagas Disease in Organ Transplant Recipients in the United States: Recommendations from the Chagas in Transplant Working Group","volume":"11","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.12.046","article-title":"Heart Transplantation in 107 Cases of Chagas\u2019 Disease","volume":"43","author":"Fiorelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2008.10.023","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Studies on Heart Transplantation for Patients With End-Stage Chagas\u2019 Heart Disease","volume":"15","author":"Bestetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"280","article-title":"Kidney transplantation: A new way of transmitting chagas disease","volume":"23","author":"Chocair","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651993000500013","article-title":"Transmission of Chagas\u2019 disease through transplanted kidney: Occurrence of the acute form of the disease in two recipients from the same donor","volume":"35","author":"Ferraz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"(2002). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chagas Disease After Organ Transplantation\u2014United States, 2001. MMWR, 51, 210\u2013212."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"(2006). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chagas Disease After Organ Transplantation\u2014Los Angeles, California, 2006. MMWR, 55, 798\u2013800."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12340","article-title":"Donor-Derived Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Solid Organ Recipients in the United States, 2001\u20132011","volume":"13","author":"Huprikar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1086\/598634","article-title":"Chagas\u2019 Disease in Patients with Kidney Transplants: 7 Years of Experience, 1989-1996","volume":"29","author":"Riarte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04160.x","article-title":"Liver Transplantation Using Chagas-Infected Donors in Uninfected Recipients: A Single-Center Experience Without Prophylactic Therapy","volume":"12","author":"McCormack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002019","article-title":"Chagas Disease Recommendations for Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors","volume":"102","author":"Pierrotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2010.09.019","article-title":"Chagas\u2019 Disease and Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"42","author":"Casadei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000088","article-title":"Chagas disease in solid organ and heart transplantation","volume":"27","author":"Kransdorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.03.113","article-title":"Chagas seropositive donors in kidney transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Sousa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2007.01663.x","article-title":"Liver Transplantation from Deceased Donors Serologically Positive for Chagas Disease","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.899150","article-title":"Biological markers for evaluating therapeutic efficacy in Chagas disease, a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Pinazo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, E.E., Sherbuk, J.E., Clark, E.H., Marks, M.A., Gandarilla, O., Galdos-Cardenas, G., Vasquez-Villar, A., Choi, J., and Crawford, T.C.Q.R. (2014). Biomarkers in Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected and Uninfected Individuals with Varying Severity of Cardiomyopathy in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003227"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"1","article-title":"MitraClip\u00ae as bridging strategy for heart transplantation in Chagas cardiomyopathy: A case report","volume":"4","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.30.2","article-title":"Chagas Disease and Heart Failure: An Expanding Issue Worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/5\/505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:51:36Z","timestamp":1760161896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/5\/505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10050505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10050505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]}}}