{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:58:08Z","timestamp":1784084288717,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center","award":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ7\/01771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/21\/B\/NZ7\/01771"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>None of the currently used diagnostic tools are efficient enough in diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in children. The study was aimed to identify cytokine biosignatures characterizing active and latent tuberculosis (TB) in children. Using a multiplex bead-based technology, we analyzed the levels of 53 Th17-related cytokines and inflammatory mediators in sera from 216 BCG-vaccinated children diagnosed with active TB (TB) or latent TB (LTBI) as well as uninfected controls (HC). Children with active TB, compared to HC children, showed reduced serum levels of IL-17A, MMP-2, OPN, PTX-3, and markedly elevated concentrations of APRIL\/TNFSF13. IL-21, sCD40L, MMP-2, and IL-8 were significantly differentially expressed in the comparisons between groups: (1) HC versus TB and LTBI (jointly), and (2) TB versus LTBI. The panel consisting of APRIL\/TNFSF13, sCD30\/TNFRSF8, IFN-\u03b12, IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, sIL-6R\u03b1, IL-8, IL-11, IL-29\/IFN-\u03bb1, LIGHT\/TNFSF14, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, osteocalcin, osteopontin, TSLP, and TWEAK\/TNFSF12 possessed a discriminatory potential for the differentiation between TB and LTBI children. Serum-based host biosignatures carry the potential to aid the diagnosis of childhood M.tb infections. The proposed panels of markers allow distinguishing not only children infected with M.tb from uninfected individuals but also children with active TB from those with latent TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T21:49:20Z","timestamp":1619300960000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cytokine Biosignature of Active and Latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Druszczynska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Im-munology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Seweryn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1834-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wawrocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Im-munology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kowalewska-Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in Lodz, Okolna 181, 91-520 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in Lodz, Okolna 181, 91-520 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieslawa","family":"Rudnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Im-munology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1086\/651490","article-title":"Pediatric tuberculosis: Global overview and challenges","volume":"50","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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