{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:58:56Z","timestamp":1791550736941,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research \u2013 Create \u2013 Innovate","award":["\u03a41\u0395\u0394\u039a-03856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a41\u0395\u0394\u039a-03856"]}]},{"name":"Auyrvet Limited","award":["93228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One-hundred and fifty, one-day-old Ross-308 female chicks were randomly allocated to five equal treatments: NCONTR negative control\u2014not challenged; PCONTR positive control\u2014challenged; PHERB1 and PHERB2 diets were supplemented with phytogenic formula (1 and 2 g\/kg feed, respectively)\u2014challenged; PSALIN diet was supplemented with salinomycin (60 mg\/kg feed)\u2014challenged. Challenge was made by oral inoculation with 3.5 \u00d7 104 E. acervulina, 7.0 \u00d7 103 E. maxima and 5.0 \u00d7 103 E. tenella oocysts, at 14 days of age. One week post inoculation, bloody diarrhea, oocysts numbers, and intestinal lesions were evaluated, along with intestinal microbiota, viscosity, and pH of digesta, and histopathology. PHERB2 had a comparable (p \u2264 0.001) growth performance and feed conversion ratio to PSALIN. PHERB1 and PHERB2 had similar (p \u2264 0.001) oocyst counts to PSALIN and lower than PCONTROL. PHERB2 and PSALIN had lower (p \u2264 0.001) jejunal, ileal, and cecal lesion scores compared to PCONTR. PHERB1 and PHERB2 had higher (p \u2264 0.001) jejunal and cecal lactobacilli and lower (p \u2264 0.001) coliform counts compared to other treatments. PCONTR had lower (p \u2264 0.001) jejunum villus height, height to crypt ratio, and villus goblet cells. Breast and thigh meat resistance to oxidation was improved (p \u2264 0.001) in PHERB1 and PHERB2 compared to the PCONTR. The polyherbal formula exerted a substantial improvement on growth performance and intestinal health of the Eimeria-challenged birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1619504351000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Efficacy of a Dietary Polyherbal Formula on the Performance and Gut Health in Broiler Chicks after Experimental Infection with Eimeria spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2970-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios","family":"Tsiouris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Giannenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Bonos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Stylianaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erasmia","family":"Sidiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diamanto","family":"Lazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Tzora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100 Arta, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4224-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ayurvet Limited, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh 173205, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Georgopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry","volume":"118","author":"Noack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protozool. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1","article-title":"A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research","volume":"83","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00837-2","article-title":"Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens","volume":"51","author":"Blake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500112195","article-title":"Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2013.776161","article-title":"The role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","volume":"42","author":"Tsiouris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393391100033X","article-title":"Anticoccidial drug resistance in fowl coccidia: The state of play revisited","volume":"67","author":"Abbas","year":"2011","journal-title":"World's Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2013.849795","article-title":"An update on approaches to controlling coccidia in poultry using botanical extracts","volume":"54","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933912000268","article-title":"Botanicals: An alternative approach for the control of avian coccidiosis","volume":"68","author":"Abbas","year":"2012","journal-title":"World's Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew077","article-title":"Effect of anticoccidial monensin with oregano essential oil on broilers experimentally challenged with mixed Eimeria spp.","volume":"95","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2019.1573731","article-title":"Anticoccidial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens","volume":"47","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.010123","article-title":"Effects of an oregano based dietary supplement on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima","volume":"48","author":"Tsinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1483577","article-title":"Effect of herbal feed additives on performance parameters, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology and meat lipid oxidation of broiler chicken","volume":"59","author":"Giannenas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Aviagen (2019). ROSS Nutrition Specifications, Aviagen."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)80947-X","article-title":"A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography","volume":"11","author":"Kratz","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Massada, Y. (1976). Analysis of Essential Oil by Gas Chromatography and Spectrometry, J. Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Adams, R. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Ouandrupole Mass Spectroscopy, Allured Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0762-0","article-title":"Diversity of Escherichia coli strains involved in vertebral osteomyelitis and arthritis in broilers in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Braga","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102235","article-title":"Prevalence, toxin-typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens from retail meats in Seoul, Korea","volume":"64","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.001","article-title":"Quantification of Eimeria acervulina in faeces of broilers: Comparison of McMaster oocyst counts from 24 h faecal collections and single droppings to real-time PCR from cloacal swabs","volume":"169","author":"Velkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90063-9","article-title":"Anticoccidial drugs: Lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor-pen experiments with chickens","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00385-5","article-title":"Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria Tenella","volume":"96","author":"Youn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-635x1702145-150","article-title":"Determining the best sectioning methods and intestinal segments for morphometric analysis in broilers","volume":"71","author":"Gava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiouris, V., Kontominas, M.G., Filioussis, G., Chalvatzi, S., Giannenas, I., Papadopoulos, G., Koutoulis, K., Fortomaris, P., and Georgopoulou, I. (2020). The effect of whey on performance, gut health and bone morphology parameters in broiler chicks. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050588"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/lipi.19750770610","article-title":"Evaluation of the direct thiobarbituric acid extraction method for determining oxidative rancidity in mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.)","volume":"77","author":"Vyncke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Fette Seifen Anstrichm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.12691\/jfnr-5-12-9","article-title":"Quality change after oven-drying and frozen storage of bluesripe herring (Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus)","volume":"5","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.119726","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in animal studies","volume":"4","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"IDRE (2021, February 02). G*POWER. Available online: https:\/\/stats.idre.ucla.edu\/other\/gpower\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev142","article-title":"Impact of a drug-free program on broiler chicken growth performances, gut health, Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni occurrences at the farm level","volume":"94","author":"Gaucher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.03.003","article-title":"An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers","volume":"187","author":"Huyghebaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.590967","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis in broilers: An updated review on the pathogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Timbermont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.1.143","article-title":"Poultry coccidiosis: Recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development","volume":"5","author":"Dalloul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.L.T., Chung, C.Y., Kuo, C.H., Kuo, T.F., Yang, C.W., and Yang, W.C. (2016). Beneficial effect of Bidens pilosa on body weight gain, food conversion ratio, gut bacteria and coccidiosis in chickens. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146141"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3595-4","article-title":"Efficacy of a commercial herbal formula in chicken experimental coccidiosis","volume":"12","author":"Pop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1021\/np50034a027","article-title":"Isolation of artemisinin (qinghaosu) from Artemisia annua growing in the United States","volume":"47","author":"Klayman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.3.589","article-title":"Comparative in vitro and in vivo activity of racemic praziquantel and its levorotated isomer on Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"159","author":"Xia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Albuquerque, R.D.D.G., Mahomooodally, M.F., Lobine, D., Suroowan, S., and Rengasamy, K.R.R. (2020). Botanical products in the treatment and control of Schistosomiasis: Recent Studies and distribution of active plant resources according to affected regions. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080223"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, F., Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Ullah, F., Hussain, I., Shahid, M., Yessimbekov, Z., Adhikari-Devkota, A., and Devkota, H.P. (2020). Potential role of plant extracts and phytochemicals against foodborne pathogens. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10134597"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.02.006","article-title":"Anthelmintic, anticoccidial and antioxidant activity of Salvadora persica root extracts","volume":"26","author":"Dkhil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.8.1156","article-title":"Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens","volume":"76","author":"Allen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/0003942031000107299","article-title":"Dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on performance of broilers challenged with Eimeria tenella","volume":"57","author":"Giannenas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.001","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of Eimeria tenella invasion of epithelial cells by phytochemicals","volume":"191","author":"Burt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00420","article-title":"In vitro anticoccidial study of oregano and garlic essential oils and effects on growth performance, fecal oocyst output, and intestinal microbiota in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Sidiropoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001073","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde enhances in vitro parameters of immunity and reduces in vivo infection against avian coccidiosis","volume":"106","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512000530","article-title":"Improved resistance to Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens due to dietary supplementation with garlic metabolites","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690490911710","article-title":"Updated knowledge about the presence of phenolic compounds in wine","volume":"45","author":"Monagas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390701761845","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: From in vitro results to in vivo evidence","volume":"48","author":"Villano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5477","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez400","article-title":"Effects of reducing growth rate via diet dilution on bone mineralization, performance and carcass yield of coccidia-infected broilers","volume":"98","author":"Oikeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald, S.E., Nolan, M.J., Harman, K., Boulton, K., Hume, D.A., Tomley, F.M., Stabler, R.A., and Blake, D.P. (2017). Effects of Eimeria tenella infection on chicken caecal microbiome diversity, exploring variation associated with severity of pathology. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184890"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley, D., Wu, S.B., Rodgers, N., Swick, R.A., and Moore, R.J. (2014). Differential responses of cecal microbiota to fishmeal, Eimeria and Clostridium perfringens in a necrotic enteritis challenge model in chickens. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104739"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Holban, A.M., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2018). Oregano: A feed additive with functional properties. Therapeutic Foods, Handbook of Food Engineering, Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"927","article-title":"Pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in various age groups of chickens and turkeys: Pathology","volume":"48","author":"Yason","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.3.476","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology","volume":"85","author":"Miles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Florou-Paneri, P., Christaki, E., and Giannenas, I. (2019). Effects of phytobiotics in healthy or disease challenged animals. Feed Additives: Aromatic Plants and Herbs in Animal Nutrition and Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09616.x","article-title":"Vascular infusion as a means to improve the antioxidant\u2013prooxidant balance of beef","volume":"68","author":"Katsanidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"16","article-title":"Meat attributes of chicken broilers raised on coccihar\u2014a polyherbal coccidiostat feed additive","volume":"5","author":"Waskar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"34","article-title":"Oregano oil use in broiler diet increases accumulation of carvacrol and thymol in breast meat","volume":"27","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Univers."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/5\/524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:53:06Z","timestamp":1760161986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/10\/5\/524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens10050524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10050524","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]}}}