{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:21:05Z","timestamp":1781832065571,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3192010301, 31730094, 32072821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3192010301, 31730094, 32072821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium has emerged and increased rapidly worldwide during the past two decades. The loss of genes encoding the second-phase flagella and the acquirement of the multi-drug resistance cassette are the main genomic characteristics of the S. Typhimurium monophasic variant. In this study, two Salmonella strains were isolated from the knee effusion and feces of a 4-year-old girl who presented with a case of septic arthritis and fever, respectively. Primary serovar identification did not detect the second-phase flagellar antigens of the strains using the classical slide agglutination test. Whole-genome sequencing analysis was performed to reveal that the replacement of the fljAB operon by a 4.8-kb cassette from E. coli caused the non-expression of phase-2 flagellar antigens of the strains, which were confirmed to be a novel S. Virchow monophasic variant (Salmonella 6,7,14:r:-) by core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). Compared to the 16 published S. Virchow genomes, the two strains shared a unique CRISPR type of VCT12, and showed a close genetic relationship to S. Virchow BCW_2814 and BCW_2815 strains, isolated from Denmark and China, respectively, based on cgMLST and CRISPR typing. Additionally, the acquisition of Salmonella genomic island 2 (SGI2) with an antimicrobial resistance gene cassette enabled the strains to be multidrug-resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. The emergence of the multidrug-resistant S. Virchow monophasic variant revealed that whole-genome sequencing and CRISPR typing could be applied to identify the serovaraints of Salmonella enterica strains in the national Salmonella surveillance system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1619759455000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genomic Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Virchow Monophasic Variant Causing Human Septic Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis\/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gongnong South Road 189, Nantong 226007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis\/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyue","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis\/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-9758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis\/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis\/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road 48, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-139","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow meningitis in a young man in Italy: A case report","volume":"8","author":"Lombardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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