{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:38:27Z","timestamp":1789400307683,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus agalactiae, often referred to as group B streptococci (GBS), is a severe pathogen that can infect humans as well as other animals, including tilapia, which is extremely popular in commercial aquaculture. This pathogen causes enormous pecuniary loss, and typical symptoms of streptococcosis\u2014the disease caused by S. agalactiae\u2014include abnormal behavior, exophthalmos, and meningitis, among others. Multiple studies have examined virulence factors associated with S. agalactiae infection, and vaccines were explored, including studies of subunit vaccines. Known virulence factors include capsular polysaccharide (CPS), hemolysin, Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson (CAMP) factor, hyaluronidase (HAase), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and serine-threonine protein kinase (STPK), and effective vaccine antigens reported to date include GapA, Sip, OCT, PGK, FbsA, and EF-Tu. In this review, I summarize findings from several studies about the etiology, pathology, virulence factors, and vaccine prospects for S. agalactiae. I end by considering which research areas are likely to yield success in the prevention and treatment of tilapia streptococcosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T02:15:13Z","timestamp":1620267313000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Research Advances on Tilapia Streptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7196-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.07.034","article-title":"Occurrence of rare genotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae in cultured red tilapia Oreochromis sp. and Nile tilapia O. niloticus in Thailand\u2014Relationship to human isolates?","volume":"284","author":"Suanyuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.June.1.18","article-title":"Molecular cloning and bioinformatic analysis of the Streptococcus agalactiae neuA gene isolated from tilapia","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. 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